Coleus amboinicus
subject: Taxonomy Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class:Magnoliopsida Order:Lamiales Family:Lamiaceae Genus:Coleus Species: C. amboinicus Common name Mexican mint, Spanish Thyme, Cuban Oregano
description: Characteristic Coleus amboinicus is a semi-succulent perennial plant that belongs to the mint family Lamiaceae. The plant can grow up to 1m tall and has strongly flavored and serrated leaves. It has a pungent oregano-like flavor and odor and is commonly used as a spice and substitute for oregano Morphology Coleus amboinicus, also known as Indian borage or Cuban oregano, is a semi-succulent perennial plant. It has strongly and pleasantly aromatic, fleshy, serrated leaves and small mauve, two-lipped flowers that bloom in summer and autumn. The flowers are insignificant, and the plant does not produce seeds like other plants in the mint family. The leaves of the plant are woody. Medicinal uses Have the ability to improve the health of your skin, detoxify the body, defend against colds, ease the pain of arthritis, relieve stress and anxiety, treat certain kinds of cancer, and optimize digestion. The leaves have a good flavour and are usually used to mask the intense odours and tastes of fish, mutton, and goat. Besides, the leaves are used as a decorative herb. Distribution C. amboinicus is native from southern and eastern parts of Africa, India and SE Asia. IUCN Category List Not Specified
source: Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng. in GBIF Secretariat (2022). GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Checklist dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/39omei accessed via GBIF.org on 2023-05-04.
date: 3 May 2023
contributor: Aiman Aizat Bin Mohd Naziran

Syzygium polyanthum
subject: Taxonomy Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class:Magnoliopsida Order:Myrtales Family:Myrtaceae Genus:Syzgium Species: polyanthum (Wight) Walp. Common name Bay leaf (English), Bengkang (Iban), Daun Salam (Malay)
description: Characteristic Syzygium polyanthum, also known as bay leaf or daun salam, is an evergreen plant species in the family Myrtaceae. It can grow up to 25 meters tall with dense foliage and thick bark. Morphology Syzygium polyanthum, also known as the Indonesian bay leaf, is an evergreen plant species in the Myrtaceae family. It can grow up to 15 meters tall and has a dense, columnar crown. The bark is dark brown and the young branches are green. The leaves are dark green, glossy, and lanceolate, with a length of 5-15 cm and a width of 2-5 cm. The flowers are small, white, and fragrant, and grow in clusters at the end of the branches. The fruit is a small, round, fleshy berry that turns from green to black when ripe. Medicinal uses Traditionally to treat diarrhea, rheumatism, and diabetes. The leaves are freshly consumed as “ulam” by traditional Malay people for the treatment of hypertension and general body health maintenance. In Indonesia, local people often add leaves in culinary preparation because they believe that the plant is beneficial in the management of diabetes mellitus, gout, arthritis, and hypertension Distribution S. polyanthum can be found in India, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Brunei, and Indonesia. IUCN Category List Not yet assessed
source: Widyawati T, Purnawan WW, Atangwho IJ, Yusoff NA, Ahmad M, Asmawi MZ. Anti-diabetic activity of Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) leaf extract, the most commonly used herb among diabetic patients in Medan, North Sumatera, Indonesia. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2015;6:1698.
date: 3 May 2023
contributor: Aiman Aizat Bin Mohd Naziran

Capsicum frutescens
subject: Taxonomy Kingdom: Plantae Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Solanales Family: Solanaceae Genus: Capsicum Species: frutescens L. Common Name Chilli Padi, Bird's Eye Chilli, Peri Peri, Tabasco
description: Characteristics It is a shrub and grows primarily in the seasonally dry tropical biome. Morphology Flower Greenish-white with blue or yellow anthers occur in groups of two or more at the nodes. The common features of frutescens cultivars are their greenish flowers and their steeply upwards direction pedicles; also the small and pointed fruits keep their upright position until maturity. Fruits The berries are red when mature, and tapered. Roots The plant is supported by a short to long taproot with many spreading lateral roots and fibrous roots Stems The stems of mature plants are woody but moderately soft and weak. Older branches are light gray. Plant part used Fruits Traditional uses Food (Fruit & Vegetable: The fruits are very popular and used in all kinds of dishes, soups, or salads. It may be used fresh or dried, ripe or unripe, cooked or raw.; Herb and Spice) The coatings and powders are used to break children of thumb sucking and nail-biting. Anciently, it was even used as an instrument of torture. Medicinal uses It is used as a salve to relieve muscle, joint, and toothache pain. List of country Bolivia, Brazil West-Central Red List Category Least Concern (LC)
source: https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:316959-2 https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/110057309/172968369 https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/15198 https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/5/2/5206
contributor: UMIRUL AKMALISSA BINTI RAHMAT

Eryngium foetidum
subject: Taxonomy Kingdom: Plantae Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Apiales Family: Apiaceae Genus: Eryngium Species: foetidum L. ______________________________ Common Name Ketumbar Jawa (Malay), Stinking Shareweed (English), Spirit weed, False Coriander, Spiny Coriander
description: Characteristics The genus name “Eryngium” is derived from “eryngion,” the Greek name of the sea holly (Eryngium maritimum). The species epithet “foetidum” is Latin for a bad smell. The leaves produce an odor that has been described like that of a squashed bedbug ______________________________ Morphology Leaves Leaves green, glabrous and oblanceolate (13 - 30 cm long, 3 - 4 cm wide). Leaves are arranged in a basal rosette. Leaf margin is serrulate (finely toothed). Flower Creamy white flowers are arranged in a reduced umbel inflorescence that is cylindrical with a dome-shaped top (1.2 cm long, 0.5 cm wide). Flowers continuously throughout the year in Southeast Asia. Fruits Fruits are egg-shaped schizocarps (1.5 mm long) that are covered by round bumps. ______________________________ Plant part used Leaves ______________________________ Traditional uses Food (Herb and Spice : The leaves are rich in calcium, iron, carotene and riboflavin. In Thailand, Vietnam, Laos and India, the leaves are used fresh as a culinary herb which has a similar, but stronger flavor than Coriander (Coriandrum sativum).The leaves are used to season meat and other foods in Caribbean, Latin American and Asian cuisines. It is often added to chutneys, a sauce containing fruits or vegetables that is eaten with other dishes. In Latin America, the leaves are often added to salsas, a spicy, tomato-based sauce that is eaten with tortilla chips.) Medicinal uses Tea prepared from the leaves is used to treat fever, flu, diarrhoea, constipation, and vomiting. It is also thought to promote menstrual bleeding. The roots are consumed raw as a treatment for scorpion stings. _____________________________ List of country Mexico, Central America, Caribbean Islands, South America, Malaysia, and perennial in Southeast Asia _____________________________ Red List Category Not Evaluated (NE)
source: https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/4/8/4850 https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/14584
contributor: UMIRUL AKMALISSA BINTI RAHMAT

Solanum americanum
subject: Taxonomy Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order:Solanales Family: Solanaceae Genus: Solanum Species: americanum Mill.
subject: Common name black nightshade terung meranti terung para cicit terung perat
description: Morphology Leaves arranged spirally to almost opposite, simple; petiole 1–9 cm long; blade ovate to lanceolate, up to 14(–16) cm x 7(–12) cm, cuneate to truncate at base and decurrent along the petiole, acute to acuminate at apex, entire to toothed, glabrous or sparsely pubescent.
description: Uses Plant part use - The whole plant is considered medicinal and the leaves are eaten as vegetable in Southeast Asia. The leaves and ripe fruit has been used as herbal treatments for toothache, skin lesions, burns, scabies and anxiety, in the Middle east, North Africa, India and Southeast Asia. Traditional use - The plants are used as an emollient and antalgic in itching, burns and neuralgic pains, and are also considered expectorant and laxative. The leaves are said to have sedative and healing properties and are applied to cuts and ulcers. A decoction of the leaves is used to treat yaws. The fruit is considered to be a cure for diabetes. In Papua New Guinea, cooked leaves and stems are given to infants suffering from diarrhoea. In China, cooked young shoots are considered to be corrective and cooling, to increase the virility of men and to benefit menstrual disorders. A decoction of the leaves or seeds is used to treat wounds, cancerous sores and as an astringent. Diuretic properties are also attributed to the plant. The leaf juice is used against pain caused by an inflammation in the kidneys and bladder and by virulent gonorrhoea. In India, the leaves are used to treat inflammations on any part of the body, rheumatic and gouty joints and skin diseases.
description: Distribution Solanum americanum is native to Europe and western Asia, introduced in North America, Africa, Asia and Australia; probably fairly widely distributed throughout the Malaysia region.
description: IUCN Category List Not yet assessed
source: https://globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/solanum-americanum-mill/#r2 https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/10.1079/cabicompendium.117222#:~:text=Leaves%20arranged%20spirally%20to%20almost,toothed%2C%20glabrous%20or%20sparsely%20pubescent.
publisher: Siti Nur Fashehah Binti Azhari
date: 3 May 2023
contributor: Siti Nur Fashehah Binti Azhari
language: English

Citrus microcarpa
subject: Taxonomy Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order:Sapindales Family:Rutaceae Genus: Citrus Species:Citrus microcarpa Common name Limau Kasturi, Calamansi
description: A shrub or small tree, calamansi can reach heights of 3–6 m (10–20 ft). Morphology Obovate leaf shape and the spines are sharp-tipped and located laterallyalong with the shoot. However, the older shoots are commonly thornless. Generally, the leaves aresubcoriaceous, alternately arranged or 1-foliolate laminae. Medicinal Uses Citrus microcarpa has several therapeutic effects and is a great source of vitamin C, D-limonene, and essential oils. It also has anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-angiogenic, and anti-cancer qualities that are beneficial to the immune system. Pectin, a source of dietary fibre, is also present in reasonable amounts.The musk of the fruit helps to reduce the bad cholesterol and the presence of Vitamin A and carotene helps to enhance eye health. Local people usually used Citrus microcarpa in drinks and food to enhance the flavor Distribution Citrus microcarpa is subsequently spread and was widely distributed in the Orient, especially in Indonesia and the Philippines, during early times. At present, it is widely grown in India and throughout South and South-East Asia IUCN Cateogory List Not yet assesed
source: Venkatachalam, K., Charoenphun, N., Srean, P., Yuvanatemiya, V., Pipatpanukul, C., Pakeechai, K., ... & Wongsa, J. (2023). Phytochemicals, Bioactive Properties and Commercial Potential of Calamondin (Citrofortunella microcarpa) Fruits: A Review. Molecules, 28(8), 3401. SOFIYANTI, N., IRIANI, D., WAHYUNI, P. I., IDANI, N., & LESTARI, P. (2022). Identification, morphology of Citrus L.(Aurantioideae-Rutaceae Juss.) and its traditional uses in Riau Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 23(2) https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/49483
date: 4 May 2023
contributor: Khalis Sharhana binti Zulkipli

Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f.
subject: Taxanomy Phylum : Anthophyta Class : Monocotyledoneae Order : Liliales Family : Aloaceae Genus : Aloe Species : Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. Common Name Aloe, Barbados Aloe, Medicinal Aloe, Burn Plant, Lidah buaya, bunga raja raja
description: Characteristic It is a perennial shrub, 30-40 cm high. Morphology Leaves The plant's rosette arrangement consists of fleshy, triangular leaves measuring up to 0.9 meters in length. These light green leaves feature white spots, a smooth texture, and a spiny margin. Stem The stem is short. Flower Yellow, tubular flowers are arranged in a spike inflorescence. Plant part used Leaves Traditional uses Scientific research has confirmed the traditional use of Aloe in treating wounds. The clear gel found in the leaves is applied topically on minor cuts and burns to facilitate healing. Aloe is also traditionally used for relieving constipation. It should be noted that not all of the therapeutic benefits attributed to traditional medicinal uses of plants have been scientifically verified. Medicinal used Anti-diabetic and cholesterol-lowering properties of Aloe have been demonstrated in both animal and human clinical trials. Aloe has displayed pain-relieving, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties in animal pre-clinical trials. List of Country The origin of Aloe vera is unknown, presumed that it is originated Arabia, Somalia, Sudan or Oman, found in most of Africa, Southern Arabia, Madagascar, West Indies and Bahamas, Southern USA, Mexico, Central America, Arabia, other parts of Asia and Australia Red List Category Vulnerable(VU)
source: https://globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/aloe-vera-health-benefit/ https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/1/6/1643
contributor: Muhammad Nazri Azam Bin Jafree

Alpinia galanga
subject: Taxonomy Phylum : Magnoliophyta Class : Liliopsida Order : Zingiberales Family : Zingiberacaea Genus : Alpinia Species : Alpinia galanga Common Name Lengkuas, Galangal, Greater Galangal, Siamese Ginger, Lam Kew.
description: Characteristics It is a large herbaceous plant up to 3.5 m tall. Morphology Leaves The glossy, nearly hairless leaves are oblong to lance-shaped (50 cm long, 9 cm wide). Stem The rhizome, or underground horizontal stem, is light red or light yellow and highly branched (2-4 cm wide). Fruit The fruit is a round or ellipsoid capsule (1-1.5 cm wide) which contains 2-3 seeds. It is initially orange-red to dark red, and turns black at maturity. Flower Fragrant, yellow-white flowers (3-4 cm long) occur in large clusters on a spike-like or racemose inflorescence (10-30 cm long, 5-7 cm wide). Plant part used Leaves, Stems, Flowers Traditional Uses Herb and Spice : The rhizome has a sharp, spicy flavor which is popular in Southeast Asian cuisine. It is finely blended with other spices to make a paste for dishes like laksa an curries. Fruit & Vegetable : The flowers are young shoots are steamed and consumed as a vegetable. In Peninsular Malaysia, the seeds are used in traditional medicine to treat vomiting, herpes, colic and diarrhoea. The Filipinos prepare a leaf decoction to treat rheumatism. In Java, the pounded rhizome is applied to wounds and sores. The rhizomes are used in the traditional treatment of skin diseases, respiratory diseases, to promote digestion and appetite after childbirth Medicinal used Antiallergic activity - 1ˊS-1ˊ-acetoxychavicol acetate (ACA) and 1ˊS-1ˊ-acetoxyeugenol acetate, isolated from aqueous acetone (80%) extract of A. galanga dried rhizomes, were investigated for antiallergic effect in vitro and in vivo. The compounds are effective against the late phase of type I allergic reactions in RBL-2H3 cells. List of Country It is native to Southeast Asia. Red List Category Not Evaluated (NE)
source: https://globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/alpinia-galanga-l-willd-106293/ https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:795279-1 https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/1/6/1644 https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/12649 https://plants.usda.gov/home/classification/31086
publisher: Ain Nazhirah Binti Abdullah
contributor: Ain Nazhirah Binti Abdullah
language: English

Citrus microcarpa
subject: Taxonomy Phylum : Tracheophyta Class : Magnoliopsida Order : Sapindales Family : Rutaceae Genus : Citrus Species : Citrus microcarpa Synonyms Citrofortunella microcarpa (Bunge) D.O. Wijnands Common Name Calamansi, Limau Kasturi
description: Characteristics A small perennial shrubs growing up to about 4 m in height. The branches normally originated from the lower part of the main stem. The main stem rarely grows straight. Morphology Leaves The leaves are green in colour, elliptic in shape, having narrow wings measuring about 4 cm long. Flower The flowers are white in colour, about 2 cm in diametre and have a very short stalk. Fruit The fruits are green when young and turns to yellow when it matures. It has nearly smooth skin, spherical in shape and measuring about 3 cm in diametre. The fruits produce plenty of sour juice when crushed. Plant part used Leaves and Fruits Traditional Uses In Malaysia, the fruits are normally used as the seasoning for many foods such as soups and fried mee or rice. It also used for the preparation cordial or fruit juice. It is also being used as an antidote for poison, treatment of abscesses, sore throat, cough and nausea. The essential oil extract from the fruits are also used as the ingredients in the herbal bath and aromatherapy formulations. The fruits are also used to body odour and hair cleaning. List of Country Native to Philippines and found growing throughout South East Asia region like Malaysia, Indonesia and others.
source: https://globinmed.com/conservation/limau-kasturi/ https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/49483 https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/3/3/3351
publisher: Muhammad Haqim bin Mohamad Zakariah
contributor: Muhammad Haqim bin Mohamad Zakariah
language: English

Clitoria ternatea
subject: Taxonomy Phylum: Tracheophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Fabales Family: Fabaceae Genus: Clitoria Species: Clitoria ternatea
subject: Common name Bunga Telang, Blue Pea Vine, Bunga Biru, Butterfly Pea, Kacang Kelang, Kacang Telang
description: characteristic It is a slender climbing legume with short, soft hairs on the stem. It has deep roots and ornamental flowers.
description: Morphology Leaves Its stalked, alternately-arranged leaves are pinnate with 5-7 elliptic or ovate leaflets, 2.5-5 cm long. Each leaflet is thinly papery or membranous, and measuring 2.5-5 cm long and 1.5-3.5 cm wide. Flowers Its solitary flowers bloom in colors ranging from white to pink, to light or dark blue, funnel-shaped, 4 cm by 3 cm, single or paired, standard obovate, notched or rounded at apex, blue with yellow base, or entirely white. Fruits Its fruits are linear-oblong pods, 5-11 cm long and 0.7-1 cm wide, with a long pointed tip.
description: Medicinal used memory enhancer, nootropic, antistress, anxiolytic, antidepressant, anticonvulsant, tranquilizer and sedative agent, enhance cognitive functions and alleviate symptoms of numerous ailments including fever, inflammation, pain, and diabetes
description: List of country South Asia, Southeast Asia, Africa, Australia, Americas. Red List category Not Evaluated (NE)
source: https://www.ameriseed.net/product/clitoria-blue-butterfly/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6546959/#:~:text=ternatea%20has%20been%20widely%20used,the%201950s%2C%20studies%20on%20C. https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/1/3/1372#:~:text=It%20is%20a%20slender%20climbing,deep%20roots%20and%20ornamental%20flowers.&text=Its%20stalked%2C%20alternately%2Darranged%20leaves,and%201.5%2D3.5%20cm%20wide. https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/36158 https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:486606-1 https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=26543#null
date: 3 May 2023
contributor: Anis Syakirah binti Shahar

Coleus sp.
subject: Taxonomy Phylum : Tracheophyta Class : Magnoliopsida Order : Lamiales Family : Lamiaceae Genus : Coleus Common Name Painted Nettle, Flame Nettle, Common Coleus, Pokok Ati-ati, Pokok Ati-ati merah
description: Characteristics It is a subshrub and grows primarily in the wet tropical biome. Morphology Stem Herbaceous shrub, turns to semi-woody at base when mature. Stems squarish in cross-section. Stems usually purple, puberulent, branched. Leaves Leaves of various colours in attractive patterns, with coarsely crenate margins. Leaf blade ovate, 4-12.5 × 2.5-9 cm, membranous, yellow, dark red, purple, or green, puberulent, sparsely red-brown glandular abaxially, base broadly cuneate to rounded, margin crenate-serrate or crenate, apex obtuse to short acuminate. Flowers Flowers colours are blue and white. Plant part used Leaves Traditional Uses Coleus species are widely used in the region of tropical countries such as Vietnam, India and Indonesia as remedies for heart diseases, abdominal colic, respiratory disorders, painful maturation and certain central nervous system diseases. In Malaysia. Coleus species are locally known as ‘Ati-ati’ plant and used primarily as decoration houseplant. Bajau ethnic used Coleus species to treat cough Medicinal used The use of Coleus species as remedies in Malaysia was unknown. It is used to treat unspecified medicinal disorders, has environmental uses and social uses, as a medicine and for food. As a member of the mint family, species of Coleus are believed to have a lot of phenolic compounds. List of Country China, Taiwan, India, Indochina, Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, northern & western Australia, Solomon Islands Red List Category This taxon has not yet been assessed.
source: https://globinmed.com/research_publication/the-evaluation-of-total-phenolic-compounds-in-coleus-spp/ https://globinmed.com/research_publication/determination-of-antioxidant-properties-in-ati-ati-plants-coleus-amboinicus-and-coleus-blumei/ https://globinmed.com/tk/enthobotany-medicine-copy/ https://www.gbif.org/species/5341492 https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/2/4/2460 https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:446165-1
publisher: Amirah Syahmina binti Alwi
contributor: Amirah Syahmina binti Alwi
language: English

Coleus sp.
subject: Taxonomy Phylum : Tracheophyta Class : Magnoliopsida Order : Lamiales Family : Lamiaceae Genus : Coleus Common Name Common Coleus, Pokok Ati-ati
description: Characteristics It is a subshrub and grows primarily in the wet tropical biome. Morphology Stem Herbaceous shrub, turns to semi-woody at base when mature. Stems squarish in cross-section. Stems usually purple, puberulent, branched. Leaves Leaves of various colours in attractive patterns, with coarsely crenate margins. Leaf blade ovate, 4-12.5 × 2.5-9 cm, membranous, yellow, dark red, purple, or green, puberulent, sparsely red-brown glandular abaxially, base broadly cuneate to rounded, margin crenate-serrate or crenate, apex obtuse to short acuminate. Flowers Flowers colours are blue and white. Plant part used Leaves Traditional Uses Coleus species are widely used in the region of tropical countries such as Vietnam, India and Indonesia as remedies for heart diseases, abdominal colic, respiratory disorders, painful maturation and certain central nervous system diseases. In Malaysia. Coleus species are locally known as ‘Ati-ati’ plant and used primarily as decoration houseplant. Bajau ethnic used Coleus species to treat cough. Medicinal used The use of Coleus species as remedies in Malaysia was unknown. It is used to treat unspecified medicinal disorders, has environmental uses and social uses, as a medicine and for food. As a member of the mint family, species of Coleus are believed to have a lot of phenolic compounds. List of Country China, Taiwan, India, Indochina, Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, northern & western Australia, Solomon Islands Red List Category This taxon has not yet been assessed.
source: https://globinmed.com/research_publication/the-evaluation-of-total-phenolic-compounds-in-coleus-spp/ https://globinmed.com/research_publication/determination-of-antioxidant-properties-in-ati-ati-plants-coleus-amboinicus-and-coleus-blumei/ https://globinmed.com/tk/enthobotany-medicine-copy/ https://www.gbif.org/species/5341492 https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/2/4/2460 https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:446165-1
contributor: Muhammad Nazri Azam Bin Jafree

Coleus sp.
subject: Taxonomy Phylum : Magnoliophyta Class : Magnoliopsida Order : Lamiales Family : Lamiaceae Genus : Coleus Common Name Common Coleus, Indian Borage, Cuban Oregano, Bangun-Bangun Batik.
description: Characteristics It is a perennial herb with a life cycle of 3 – 10 years, fleshy and highly aromatic. It has a tendency to climb or creep, and can reach up to 1 m tall. Morphology Leaves Thick, furry, green leaves are broadly ovate with a scalloped, white to cream-coloured leaf margin. Crushed leaves have an herbal aroma. Stem Stems are tomentose (densely covered with short, soft hairs). Flower 10 – 20 flowers are arranged in a verticil inflorescence (10 – 20 cm long). The flowers encircle the floral stalk at several points along the floral stalk, with points closer together at the tip than at the base. Flower has bell shaped calyx. Plant part used Leaves Traditional Uses Coleus species are widely used in the region of tropical countries such as Vietnam, India and Indonesia as remedies for heart diseases, abdominal colic, respiratory disorders, painful maturation and certain central nervous system diseases. In Malaysia. Coleus species are locally used primarily as decoration houseplant. Bajau ethnic used Coleus species to treat cough Medicinal used The use of Coleus species as remedies in Malaysia was unknown. It is used to treat unspecified medicinal disorders, has environmental uses and social uses, as a medicine and for food. As a member of the mint family, species of Coleus are believed to have a lot of phenolic compounds. List of Country The native range of this species is Kenya to S. Africa, Arabian Peninsula, India. Red List Category Not Evaluated (NE)
source: https://www.britannica.com/plant/coleus
publisher: Ain Nazhirah Binti Abdullah
contributor: Ain Nazhirah Binti Abdullah
language: English

Coleus amboinicus
subject: Taxonomy Phylum : Magnoliophyta Class : Magnoliopsida Order : Lamiales Family : Lamiaceae Genus : Coleus Species : Coleus amboinicus Common Name Mexican Mint, Spanish Thyme, Cuban Oregano, Indian Borage
description: Characteristics It is a perennial herb with a life cycle of 3 – 10 years, fleshy and highly aromatic. It has a tendency to climb or creep, and can reach up to 1 m tall. Morphology Leaves Leaves simple, thick and fleshy, light green with opposite leaf arrangement (2.5 – 3 cm long, 2.5 – 3 cm wide). Leaves are broadly ovate or triangular in shape (truncate leaf base and a broadly acute apex). Leaf margin is crenate. Lower surface contains numerous glandular hairs, giving a frosty appearance. Stem Stems are tomentose (densely covered with short, soft hairs). Flower 10 – 20 flowers are arranged in a verticil inflorescence (10 – 20 cm long). The flowers encircle the floral stalk at several points along the floral stalk, with points closer together at the tip than at the base. Flower has bell shaped calyx. Plant part used Leaves Traditional Uses Herb and Spice : The leaves are used to add flavor to meat and bean dishes, especially in Caribbean cuisine. The flavor is described as being a combination of thyme and oregano. The leaves of the plant are often eaten raw or used as flavoring agents, or incorporated as ingredients in the preparation of traditional food. The plant is used in traditional medicine to treat inflammation or swelling n Indonesia, Philippines and India, the plant is used as a treatment for coughing. Indonesian women that have given birth sometimes drink soups made with the leaves to promote lactation. Medicinal used The efficacy of the leaves of Coleus amboinicus (CAL) in the management of Pre-Menstrual Syndrome (PMS). Properties including antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, antitumor, wound healing, anti-epileptic, larvicidal, antioxidant and analgesic activities. List of Country The native range of this species is Kenya to S. Africa, Arabian Peninsula, India. Red List Category Not Evaluated (NE)
source: https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/3/7/3717 https://globinmed.com/?s=coleus+amboinicus https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:445902-1 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8156032/
publisher: Ain Nazhirah Binti Abdullah
contributor: Ain Nazhirah Binti Abdullah
language: English

Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb
subject: Taxonomy Phylum: Tracheophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order:Zingiberales Family: Zingiberaceae Genus: Curcuma Species: Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb
subject: Common name Temulawak Javanese turmeric Javanese ginger Java ginger
description: Morphology C. xanthorrhiza is an annual plant that grows in clumps and has a pseudostem (2–2.5 m in height). Each colony consists of several plants (tillers as much 3 to 9 plants), and each plant has 2–9 leaves. C. xanthorrhiza leaves are long and quite wide (50–55 cm long leaves with a width of about 18 cm). The grain is flower-shaped, elongated round whose length can reach 23 cm. The shape of the parent rhizome of C. xanthorrhiza is oval round like an egg, while the shape of branch rhizome found on the side part is elongated.
description: Uses traditionally used - to treat several ailments such as lack of appetite, stomach disorder, liver illness, constipation, bloody diarrhea, dysentery, arthritis, children’s fevers, hypotriglyceridaemia, hemorrhoids, vaginal discharge, rheumatism, and skin eruptions.
description: Distribution C. xanthorrhiza Roxb. is an Indonesian original plant which belongs to the Zingiberaceae family and is found in many tropical regions. This plant can grow in the lowlands to an altitude of 2500 m above sea level. In Indonesia, this plant is widespread and cultivated in almost all major islands such as Java, Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Maluku. In addition, C. xanthorrhiza has also been cultivated in several Southeast Asian countries such as Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines, and Vietnam. In addition, cultivars may also be found in China, India, Japan, and Korea.
description: IUCN Category List Not yet assessed
source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8214482/ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352361436_Javanese_Turmeric_Curcuma_xanthorrhiza_Roxb_Ethnobotany_Phytochemistry_Biotechnology_and_Pharmacological_Activities https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=42393#null
publisher: Siti Nur Fashehah Binti Azhari
date: 3 May 2023
contributor: Siti Nur Fashehah Binti Azhari
language: English

Cymbopogon citratus
subject: Taxonomy Phylum : Magnoliophyta Class : Liliopsida Order : Poales Family : Poaceae Genus : Cymbopogon Species : Cymbopogon citratus Common Name Serai, West Indian Lemon Grass, Oil Grass, Fever Grass, Serai Makan, Sereh Makan, Lemongrass.
description: Characteristics It is a clump-forming grass up to 1.2 m tall or 2m tall when in flower. Morphology Leaves Leaf blades are light green and strap-shaped (up to 0.9 m long, 2.5 cm wide). Crushed leaves exude a lemony scent. Stem A pseudostem formed from tightly-overlapping leaf sheaths on non-flowering shoots is 12-25 cm long and 1-2 cm across, bulbous and thickening towards base of plant. It is fragrant when crushed and yellowish-brown or reddish. Fruit Spikelets with hairy awns, rarely observed. Flower Numerous brownish florets held on compound drooping panicles up to 0.5 m across, rarely produced in cultivation. Plant part used Leaves, Roots Traditional Uses Herb and Spice : The crushed stalk produces a lemony flavor which is used in a variety of Southeast Asian dishes, such as curries, seafood, poultry dishes, and soups like Tom Yam Soup. Leaves can be boiled to make a refreshing tea to relieve stomach cramps, flatulence, colic and other digestive problems. Leaf paste is applied as a poultice on joints to treat rheumatism and on the forehead to relieve headaches and fever. Roots are consumed to induce sweating and improve urine flow. Leaves can be placed in bathwater to treat cuts and wounds, reduce swelling, improve blood circulation and remove body odour. Essential oils extracted from the leaf stalk is used in perfumes, cosmetics, skin care and aromatherapy products. Medicinal used Antifungal activity - Essential oil of C. citratus inhibited the hyphal growth and spore formation of Aspergillus niger. Antiparasitic activity - Essential oil ofC. citratus (200, 300 and 500 mg/kg/day) administered to mice (pre-inoculated with Plasmodium berghei) for four days showed anti-parasitic activity against P. berghei in a dose-dependent mannar (62.1-86.6%). Essential oil of C. citratus has been shown to possess anti-amoebic activity as tested against Entamoeba histolyteca. Antibacterial activity - Essential oil of C. citratus (0.1% v/v) inhibited the growth of Helicobacter py…
source: https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:396896-1 https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/1/9/1918 https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/5025 https://globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/cymbopogon-citratus-dc-stapf-105847/
publisher: Ain Nazhirah Binti Abdullah
contributor: Ain Nazhirah Binti Abdullah
language: English

Etlingera elatior
subject: Taxanomy Phylum : Tracheophyta Class : Liliopsida Order : Zingiberales Family : Zingiberacea Genus : Etlingera Species: Etlingera elatior Common Name Torch Ginger, Philippine Waxflower, Painted Net Leaf, Nerve Plant, Bunga Kantan
description: Characteristics This plant is a perennial herb that has a tendency to grow in large colonies. Morphology Stem Pseudostems, measuring 3 to 6 m tall. Leaves Smooth, green lanceolate leaves measuring about 70 cm in length and 10 cm in width grow in a bunch at the base, forming a pseudostem. Flower The flower has a very long stalk measuring 1.0-1.5m and rose well above the ground. The inflorescence is ovoid-shaped and located at the terminal end, consisting of spirally overlapping flowers with showy crimson-pink bracts surrounding the base. Plant part used Leaves, flower, fruit Traditional uses The plant's stems are utilized in herbal bath preparations for eliminating body odour. he Bajau ethnic group also utilizes bunga kantan to eliminate body odour Medicinal used The fruit decoction is believed to be effective in treating earaches, while the leaves decoction is used to cleanse wounds. List of Country The plant is believed to be native to Malaysia, Indonesia and Southern Thailand countries and subsequently introduced to the Philippines. Red List Category Not Evaluated (NE)
source: https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/1/9/1990 https://globinmed.com/tk/enthobotany-medicine-copy/ https://globinmed.com/conservation/kantan/
contributor: Muhammad Nazri Azam Bin Jafree

Ficus carica
subject: Taxonomy Phylum: Tracheophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Rosales Family: Moraceae Genus: Ficus L. Species: Ficus carica L.
description: Common name Fiku, Piku, Common Fig, Edible Fig Characteristic Deciduous shrub (to 10-15' tall) or small tree (to 15-30' tall).
description: Morphology Trunk The bark is smooth, silvery gray. Foliage Fragrant, alternate, thickly papery; stipules 1-1.2cm; petiole 2-5cm; leaf blade broadly ovate, deeply lobed with 3-5 lobes, irregularly toothed on the margins, rough on the upper surface, soft hair on the underside. Flowers Blooms inside the infructescence, small and inconspicuous.
description: Medicinal Used antimicrobial, antinociceptive, antipyretic, hypotensive and anti-dysentery remedy. Its latex and some fruit extracts are used by indigenous communities to treat skin disorders, inflammation, piles, vomiting, leprosy, malaria, nose-diseases and cancer besides the use as a general tonic.
description: List of country SE Asia, Malaysia, South and Central America, Africa, and Australia. Red List category Least concern (LC)
source: https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/29677 https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/4/1/4167 https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=282762#:~:text=Noteworthy%20Characteristics,with%20age)%20are%20ornamentally%20attractive. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4015825/
date: 3 May 2023
contributor: Anis Syakirah Binti Shahar

Hydrocotyle vulgaris
subject: Taxonomy Kingdom: Plantae Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Apiales Family: Araliaceae Genus: Hydrocotyle Species: Hydrocotyle vulgaris L. ______________________________ Common Name Marsh Pennywort
description: Characteristics It has a creeping growth habit and is a herbaceous ground cover. It can be cultivated in aquariums in full sun or high lighting and is appropriate for use as a foreground plant. ______________________________ Morphology Leaves Along the stem, the leaves are placed alternately. The orbicular-peltate leaf blade has a crenate edge and can become up to 6 cm broad. The thin, 5- to 20-cm-long leaf petioles have a pointed tip. Flower The blooms are carried on an up to 12 cm long, whorled inflorescence. White flowers cover them. Stems The stem is slender and has a creeping growth habit. ______________________________ Plant part used Leaves ______________________________ Traditional uses In addition to thriving in its native environment, the plant Hydrocotyle vulgaris may also be cultivated for decorative reasons in moist soils in full sun or light shade, inside or outdoors, however it can even survive complete shade. It may also be cultivated in aquariums or in the dirt by a pond, garden, or other water feature as an aquatic plant. Medicinal uses It is one of the most important herbs for healing wounds, skin conditions, brain and nerve rejuvenation (thus why it is commonly known as "Brain food" in India), and many other physical disorders. _____________________________ List of country native to Southeast Asian countries such as India, Sri Lanka, China, Indonesia, and Malaysia as well as South Africa and Madagascar _____________________________ Red List Category Least concern (LC)
source: https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/164201/42415437 https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/6/2/6266 https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:843768-1#synonyms https://antropocene.it/en/2023/02/17/hydrocotyle-vulgaris-2/ https://www.gbif.org/species/3034606
contributor: UMIRUL AKMALISSA BINTI RAHMAT

Kaempferia parviflora
subject: Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class: Liliopsida Order: Zingiberales Family: Zingiberaceae Genus: Kaempferia Species: parviflora Wall. ex Baker
description: Characteristics A low growing, understory plant which has short fleshy rhizomes dark purple in colour, tuberous roots, leaves erect or apprised to the soil and inconspicuous flowers usually white with violet labellum
description: Uses The rhizomes of Kaempferia parviflora (KP) (Zingiberaceae) have been used in Thai traditional medicine for health promotion and for the treatment of digestive disorders and gastric ulcer.
description: Distribution K. parviflora is a medicinal plant that can be found in tropical areas such as Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo Island, and Thailand
description: IUCN Category List DD- Data Deficient
source: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263772758_Morphological_description_for_Kunyit_Hitam_Kaempferia_parviflora_and_breaking_bud_dormancy_with_BAP_and_Ethephon_treatment#:~:text=Noted%20for%20its%20showy%20foliage,usually%20white%20with%20violet%20labellum https://globinmed.com/research_publication/kaempferia-parviflora-ethanolic-extract-promoted-nitric-oxide-production-in-human-umbilical-vein-endothelial-cells/
date: 3 May 2023
contributor: Fatin Azwa Binti Samuri