Etlingera elatior
Taxonomy Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class: Liliopsida Order: Zingiberales Family: Zingiberaceae Genus: Etlingera Species: Etlingera elatior Common name Kantan, Kalak, Tepus Kampung, Torch Ginger
Etlingera elatior, often known as torch ginger, is a perennial tropical that is widely grown for both ornamental and culinary purposes. It is typically found in secondary woods, particularly in exposed habitats, as well as in moist locations next to rivers, on limestone, clay-rich alluvium, or peat swamps. Morphology Has distinctive colourful blooms and glabrous numerous leaves, with closely grouped pseudostems (false stems that are formed by overlapping leaf sheaths) that grow 2 to 6 m tall. The inflorescences are 1 to 2 m tall, arise from the base of a leafy shoot, and have a receptacle (the axis to which the floral organs are attached) that elongates to 10 cm long, bearing up to 320 flowers, but only 10–20 flowers open at a time (Lim, 2014). Medicinal Uses A decoction of the fruits is used to treat earaches, while a decoction of the leaves is applied to clean wounds. The herb is also mixed with other components and used in postpartum care baths to get rid of body odour (Vimala, 2013). It is possible to create functional and other health products using the phytochemistry and pharmacological capabilities of E. elatior, including its ability to be antibacterial, antifungal, inhibit tyrosinase, be cytotoxic, protect the testicles, and be hepatoprotective (Chan et al., 2011). Distribution Etlingera elatior is native to Borneo, Jawa, Lesser Sunda Island, Malaya, Sumatera, and Thailand. It is also distributed in Caroline Island, China South-Central, Comoros, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Gulf of Guinea Is., Honduras, Maluku, Mauritius, New Guinea, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Sulawesi, Trinidad-Tobago, Vanuatu. IUCN Red List Category Data Deficient (DD)
Chan, E.W.C., Lim, Y.Y. & Wong, S.K. (2011). Phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of Etlingera elatior: A review. Pharmacognosy Journal, 3 (22): pp. 6-10. Lim, T.K. (2014). Edible Medicinal and Non Medicinal Plants: Volume 8, Flowers. Spring Nature. pp. 834-843. Vimala, S. (2013). Malaysian Herbal Heritage. Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Malaysia. pp. 131. https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/12459 IUCN 2023. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-2. <https://www.iucnredlist.org> POWO (2023). "Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet; http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/ Retrieved 17 May 2023."
Taxonomy Phylum : Tracheophyta Class : Magnoliopsida Order : Lamiales Family : Lamiaceae Genus : Orthosiphon Species : Orthosiphon aristatus Common Name Cat's Whiskers, Java Tea, Kumis Kucing, Misai Kucing, Remujung, Ruku Hutan.
Characteristics It is a perennial herb measuring 25-200 cm in height, poorly branched, quadrangular and had an ascending stem. Morphology Leaves Oppositely decussate, the blade ovate or rhombic in shape, 2-9(-12) cm x 1.5-5 cm, cuneate at the base, acuminate at the apex, margin toothed-like, smooth or minutely pubescent, glandular-punctate. The petiole 0.5-2(-4.5) cm long and stipule is absent. Inflorescences An opposed cyme arranged in terminal racemes and measuring 7-29 cm long. the flowerprdicellate,calyx2.5-4.5 mm and up to 12 mm in fruit, bilibiate and gland-dotted. Fruit The fruit will split into 4 oblong-ovoid nutlets measuring 1.5-2 mm long with a brownish colour and rugose surface. Plant part used Leaves Traditional Uses The species is planted as an attractive ornamental garden plant. It is also popularly used as a traditional and medication herb, especially in Malaysia and Indonesia to treat diabetes, kidney or renal stones and urinary disorders, high blood pressure, rheumatism, arteriosclerosis, nephritis and gout. It is also reportedly effective for anti-fungal and anti-bacterial purposes. Dried leaves can be brewed as a herbal tea or a tasty drink with honey or milk. Medicinal used Anti-inflammatory activity- Orthosiphol A and orthosiphol B isolated from O. aristatus dried leaves inhibited the inflammation induced by tumor promoter. Antimicrobial activity- Extracts of O. aristatus showed antibacterial activity against both serotypes of Streptococcus mutans. List of Country India, Indo-China and Thailand, through Malaysia to tropical Australia but uncommonin Borneo and Sulawesi. Red List Category Not Evaluated (NE)
https://globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/orthosiphon-aristatus-blume-miq/ https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/7911 https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:453446-1/general-information
Clinacanthus nutans
Taxonomy Phylum : Tracheophyta Class : Magnoliopsida Order : Lamiales Family : Acanthaceae Genusc : Clinacanthus Species : Clinacanthus nutans Common Name Belai Merat, Belalai Gajah, Kateh Murai, Pokok Kencer, Sabah Snake Grass, Ki tajam, Phaya plongtong, e zuihua
Characteristics a perennial herb which can grow up to 1 m tall with pubescent branches and cylindrical, striate, and glabrescent stems. Morphology Leaves simple, opposite, narrowly elliptic-oblong or lanceolate (2.5–13.0 cm long × 0.5–1.5 cm wide). Inflorescences The flowers are sordidly yellow or greenish yellow and dense cymes at the top of branches and branchlets; always covered with 5-alpha cymules.The calyx of flower about 1 cm long with grandular-pubescent. Corolla is dull red with green base, about 3.0–4.2 cm. Fruit Its fruits are in the form of a capsule, 2 cm long, shortly hairy.Capsule is oblong basally wrapped into 4-seeded short stalk. Plant Part Used Leaves and Whole Plant Traditional Used The fresh leaves are boiled with water and consumed as herbal tea in Malaysia. In Thailand, an alcoholic extract of fresh leaves is used externally for treatment of skin rashes, snake and insect bite the leaves are consumed as raw material or mixed with apple juice, sugarcane or green tea and provide as fresh drink. In China the whole plant is used in various manners to treat inflammatory conditions like hematoma, contusion, strains and sprains of injuries and rheumatism. Medicinal Used Anti-inflammatory agents for the treatment of insect bites and allergic responses and as remedies for herpes simplex and VZV lesions. The effect of ethanolic extracts of leaves on modulating in vitro cell-mediated immune response was studied by observing human competent cells obtained from healthy human with no previous history of immune related complications and none were taking immunosuppressive drugs. List of Country Borneo, Cambodia, China South-Central, China Southeast, Hainan, Jawa, Laos, Lesser Sunda Is., Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam. Red List Category No Data
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1995764516300116 https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:46937-1#synonyms https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/27340
Taxonomy Phylum : Tracheophyta Class : Liliopsida Order : Zingiberales Family : Zingiberaceae Genus : Kaempferia Species : Kaempferia pulchra Common Name Cekur Hitam, Limestone Kaempferia, Peacock-ginger.
Characteristics It is a herbaceous plant, perrenial, low growing, compact herb up to 0.6 m tall. Morphology Leaves The broadly ovate to elliptic leaves are variegated with alternating bands of grey and olive green to bronze. Young leaves have yellowish green and reddish brown bands. Stem The underground stem, known as a rhizome, is small and round. Fleshy roots form off the rhizome. Flower Its flowers are pale-purple, with a small white center. Plant Part Used Leaves and Whole Plant Traditional Uses It is used for blood stimulation and the treatment of coughs, diabetes mellitus, and urinary tract infections. It is known to exhibit antipyretic and diuretic effects. In India, the rhizome is dried, crushed into a powder and applied as a poultice to patients with mumps. Medicinal Uses Research on the discovery of anticancer agents from K. pulchra has revealed that kaempulchraol F (C19H30O2) and kaempulchraol L(C21H34O2) exhibit antiproliferative activities against human pancreatic cancer. List of Country Southern Thailand to Northern Peninsular Malaysia Red List Category Not Evaluated (NE)
https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/2/1/2166 https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/40145 https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S1756464622000998?token=7A5FF567905811925A921F86CEABE6E148CD3CADF6B5475B92E2E559B0D57E211D36AD082D2CC8E1DC8B1D04FA27E0E1&originRegion=eu-west-1&originCreation=20230502071425
Zingiber zerumbet
Taxonomy Phylum : Tracheophyta Class : Liliopsida Order : Zingiberales Family : Zingiberaceae Genus : Zingiber Species : Zingiber zerumbet Synonyms Amomum spurium (J.König) J.F.Gmel., Amomum zerumbet L., Cardamomum spurium (J.König) Kuntze, Zerumbet zingiber T.Lestib., Zingiber amaricans Blume, Zingiber aromaticum Valeton, Zingiber blancoi Hassk., Zingiber darceyi H.J.Veitch, Zingiber littorale (Valeton) Valeton, Zingiber ovoideum Blume, Zingiber spurium J.König, Zingiber sylvestre Garsault, Zingiber truncatum Stokes. Common Name Bitter Ginger, Lampuyang, Lempoyang, Lempoyang Wangi, Shampoo Ginger, Zerumbet Ginger.
Characteristics A perennial tuberous plant that can be found naturally as scattered plants in damp and shady parts of lowlands or mountain slopes. Morphology Leaves This plant is characterized by the presence of stems approximately 1–2 m tall, which are erect, oblique, round and covered by sheaths of flat leaves. Inflorescences Inflorescences are initially green but gradually turn red as they fill with a creamy, ginger-scented, sap-like liquid, finally maturing to bright red after flowering is completed. Flower Flower stalks are shorter than the leaf stalks and often remain somewhat concealed within the plant. Plant Part Used Rhizome and the flower head Traditional uses The rhizome is used as a tonic and as a stimulant The rhizome serves as a seasoning in foods, while the floral buds are consumed as vegetables. The rhizome of ginger has been extensively used with remarkable therapeutic effects for the treatment of inflammation, diarrhea, stomach cramps, bacterial infections, fever, flatulence, allergies and poisoning. The cone-shaped flowers are long-lasting and are employed in craft arrangements for ornamental purposes. Medicinal Uses The therapeutic properties of the active compounds extracted from the rhizome have been used for treating stomach problems and have been reported as having anti-inflammatory, antitumoral, antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral and analgesic. List of Country Native to tropical Asia region like Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand and Australia. Red List Category Data Defficient (DD)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0102695X16000259 https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/42507 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3092606/#:~:text=Zingiber%20zerumbet%20Sm.%2C%20locally%20known,many%20tropical%20countries%2C%20including%20Malaysia.
Taxonomy Phylum : Magnoliophyta Class : Magnoliopsida Order : Lamiales Family : Lamiaceae Genus : Coleus Species : Coleus amboinicus Common Name Mexican Mint, Spanish Thyme, Cuban Oregano, Indian Borage
Characteristics It is a perennial herb with a life cycle of 3 – 10 years, fleshy and highly aromatic. It has a tendency to climb or creep, and can reach up to 1 m tall. Morphology Leaves Leaves simple, thick and fleshy, light green with opposite leaf arrangement (2.5 – 3 cm long, 2.5 – 3 cm wide). Leaves are broadly ovate or triangular in shape (truncate leaf base and a broadly acute apex). Leaf margin is crenate. Lower surface contains numerous glandular hairs, giving a frosty appearance. Stem Stems are tomentose (densely covered with short, soft hairs). Flower 10 – 20 flowers are arranged in a verticil inflorescence (10 – 20 cm long). The flowers encircle the floral stalk at several points along the floral stalk, with points closer together at the tip than at the base. Flower has bell shaped calyx. Plant part used Leaves Traditional Uses Herb and Spice : The leaves are used to add flavor to meat and bean dishes, especially in Caribbean cuisine. The flavor is described as being a combination of thyme and oregano. The leaves of the plant are often eaten raw or used as flavoring agents, or incorporated as ingredients in the preparation of traditional food. The plant is used in traditional medicine to treat inflammation or swelling n Indonesia, Philippines and India, the plant is used as a treatment for coughing. Indonesian women that have given birth sometimes drink soups made with the leaves to promote lactation. Medicinal used The efficacy of the leaves of Coleus amboinicus (CAL) in the management of Pre-Menstrual Syndrome (PMS). Properties including antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, antitumor, wound healing, anti-epileptic, larvicidal, antioxidant and analgesic activities. List of Country The native range of this species is Kenya to S. Africa, Arabian Peninsula, India. Red List Category Not Evaluated (NE)
https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/3/7/3717 https://globinmed.com/?s=coleus+amboinicus https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:445902-1 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8156032/
Taxonomy Phylum : Tracheophyta Class : Magnoliopsida Super Order: Rosanae Order : Brassicales Family : Moringaceae Genus : Moringa Species : Moringa oleifera Lam Common Name Daun kelor, daun lemunggai, gemunggai or remungai, Horseradish tree, drum-stick tree, west Indian ben
Characteristics It is a fast-growing, much-branched and often crooked tree or shrub that can grow 3-10 m tall. The stem is 10-30 cm in diameter. Its bark is corky, whitish, grey or pale buff, containing coarse fibre and exuding white gum when wounded. The roots are tuberous with pungent bark. Its young shoots are purplish or greenish-white and usually hairy. Morphology Leaves The leaves are 2-3-pinnate, measure up to 60 cm long with 4-6 pairs of pinnae, articulated, caducous, and somewhat crowded towards the twig-ends. The petiole is 4-15 cm long while the petiolule is 1-6 mm. There are 6-11 leaflets which are elliptical or obovate, measuring 0.5-3 cm x 0.3-2 cm, hairless or hairy. Inflorescences The inflorescence is an erect to spreading panicle, and measures 8-30 cm long with numerous white to creamy flowers. The flowers are fragrant, with pedicel 1-2 cm long and articulate near the top. The sepal is tubular, 5-lobed and green. There are 5 petals which are oblong-spathulate, measure 1-2 cm long and unequal. The 5 stamens are with 3-5 staminodes and both are hairy at base. The ovary is on a gynophore 2-3 mm long and densely hairy. The style is tubular with open canal and truncate at the apex. Fruit The fruit is a 3-angled, dagger-shaped, pendant capsule, measuring 10-50 cm x 1.5-2.5 cm, green at first but turns brown later, and smooth with 3-ribbed valves. The seed is nearly globular, trigonous, measures 1-1.4 cm in diameter and with 3 thin wings of 0.5-2.5 cm long. Plant part used Leaves, seeds, seed, bark, fruit, flowers and immature pods. Traditional Uses A traditional herb used M. oleifera throughout Southeast Asia and Indo-China. Every part of this plant is valued for food and it is used for stimulation of digestion and treating septicemia, as a remedy for venereal diseases and diseases of the chest, as a stimulant, antipyretic, tonic and for treatment of convulsions. The flowers, leaves, and roots are used in folk remedies for tumors while the seed for abdominal tumors. The root decoction is used in Nicaragua for dropsy. Root juice is applied externally as rubefacient or counter-irritant. Leaves applied as poultice to sores, rubbed on the temples for headaches, and said to have purgative properties. Bark, leaves and roots are acrid and pungent, and are taken to promote digestion. Oil is somewhat dangerous if taken internally, but is applied externally for skin diseases. The leaves are also used by Indians as a hypocholesterolemic agent in obese patients and patients with heart disease. Medicinal used Antiurolithiasis activity- The root-wood of M. oleifera is endowed with antiurolithiatic activity. The mechanism is unknown but may involve increased diuresis and decreased urinary concentrations of stone-forming constituents. Antioxidant activity- M. oleifera and silymarin significantly lowered the antiTB-drug induced increase in hepatic marker enzymes and lipid peroxidation and simultaneously increased the levels of antioxidants. The protective effects of M. oleifera extract probably involve its ability to decrease liver lipid peroxides and to enhance the antioxidants activity. A source of β-carotene activity- Fresh or dehydrated M. oleifera leaves are importance plant sources of vitamin A that should be considered for supplementary feeding programs. List of Country Moringa oleifera is indigenous and found growing wild in northern India and Pakistan. It was introduced into Southeast Asia at an early date, and is now cultivated throughout the tropics. In many places, it also occurs more or less naturalised. Red List Category Least Concern (LE)
https://globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/moringa-oleifera-lam/ https://globinmed.com/research_publication/moringa-oleifera-a-food-plant-with-multiple-medicinal-uses/ https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:584736-1
Taxonomy Phylum : Magnoliophyta Class : Liliopsida Order : Zingiberales Family : Zingiberacaea Genus : Alpinia Species : Alpinia galanga Common Name Lengkuas, Galangal, Greater Galangal, Siamese Ginger, Lam Kew.
Characteristics It is a large herbaceous plant up to 3.5 m tall. Morphology Leaves The glossy, nearly hairless leaves are oblong to lance-shaped (50 cm long, 9 cm wide). Stem The rhizome, or underground horizontal stem, is light red or light yellow and highly branched (2-4 cm wide). Fruit The fruit is a round or ellipsoid capsule (1-1.5 cm wide) which contains 2-3 seeds. It is initially orange-red to dark red, and turns black at maturity. Flower Fragrant, yellow-white flowers (3-4 cm long) occur in large clusters on a spike-like or racemose inflorescence (10-30 cm long, 5-7 cm wide). Plant part used Leaves, Stems, Flowers Traditional Uses Herb and Spice : The rhizome has a sharp, spicy flavor which is popular in Southeast Asian cuisine. It is finely blended with other spices to make a paste for dishes like laksa an curries. Fruit & Vegetable : The flowers are young shoots are steamed and consumed as a vegetable. In Peninsular Malaysia, the seeds are used in traditional medicine to treat vomiting, herpes, colic and diarrhoea. The Filipinos prepare a leaf decoction to treat rheumatism. In Java, the pounded rhizome is applied to wounds and sores. The rhizomes are used in the traditional treatment of skin diseases, respiratory diseases, to promote digestion and appetite after childbirth Medicinal used Antiallergic activity - 1ˊS-1ˊ-acetoxychavicol acetate (ACA) and 1ˊS-1ˊ-acetoxyeugenol acetate, isolated from aqueous acetone (80%) extract of A. galanga dried rhizomes, were investigated for antiallergic effect in vitro and in vivo. The compounds are effective against the late phase of type I allergic reactions in RBL-2H3 cells. List of Country It is native to Southeast Asia. Red List Category Not Evaluated (NE)
https://globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/alpinia-galanga-l-willd-106293/ https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:795279-1 https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/1/6/1644 https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/12649 https://plants.usda.gov/home/classification/31086
Taxonomy Phylum: Tracheophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Fabales Family: Fabaceae Genus: Clitoria Species: Clitoria ternatea
Common name Bunga Telang, Blue Pea Vine, Bunga Biru, Butterfly Pea, Kacang Kelang, Kacang Telang
characteristic It is a slender climbing legume with short, soft hairs on the stem. It has deep roots and ornamental flowers.
Morphology Leaves Its stalked, alternately-arranged leaves are pinnate with 5-7 elliptic or ovate leaflets, 2.5-5 cm long. Each leaflet is thinly papery or membranous, and measuring 2.5-5 cm long and 1.5-3.5 cm wide. Flowers Its solitary flowers bloom in colors ranging from white to pink, to light or dark blue, funnel-shaped, 4 cm by 3 cm, single or paired, standard obovate, notched or rounded at apex, blue with yellow base, or entirely white. Fruits Its fruits are linear-oblong pods, 5-11 cm long and 0.7-1 cm wide, with a long pointed tip.
Medicinal used memory enhancer, nootropic, antistress, anxiolytic, antidepressant, anticonvulsant, tranquilizer and sedative agent, enhance cognitive functions and alleviate symptoms of numerous ailments including fever, inflammation, pain, and diabetes
List of country South Asia, Southeast Asia, Africa, Australia, Americas. Red List category Not Evaluated (NE)
https://www.ameriseed.net/product/clitoria-blue-butterfly/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6546959/#:~:text=ternatea%20has%20been%20widely%20used,the%201950s%2C%20studies%20on%20C. https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/1/3/1372#:~:text=It%20is%20a%20slender%20climbing,deep%20roots%20and%20ornamental%20flowers.&text=Its%20stalked%2C%20alternately%2Darranged%20leaves,and%201.5%2D3.5%20cm%20wide. https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/36158 https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:486606-1 https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=26543#null
Taxonomy Phylum: Tracheophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order:Zingiberales Family: Zingiberaceae Genus: Curcuma Species: Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb
Common name Temulawak Javanese turmeric Javanese ginger Java ginger
Morphology C. xanthorrhiza is an annual plant that grows in clumps and has a pseudostem (2–2.5 m in height). Each colony consists of several plants (tillers as much 3 to 9 plants), and each plant has 2–9 leaves. C. xanthorrhiza leaves are long and quite wide (50–55 cm long leaves with a width of about 18 cm). The grain is flower-shaped, elongated round whose length can reach 23 cm. The shape of the parent rhizome of C. xanthorrhiza is oval round like an egg, while the shape of branch rhizome found on the side part is elongated.
Uses traditionally used - to treat several ailments such as lack of appetite, stomach disorder, liver illness, constipation, bloody diarrhea, dysentery, arthritis, children’s fevers, hypotriglyceridaemia, hemorrhoids, vaginal discharge, rheumatism, and skin eruptions.
Distribution C. xanthorrhiza Roxb. is an Indonesian original plant which belongs to the Zingiberaceae family and is found in many tropical regions. This plant can grow in the lowlands to an altitude of 2500 m above sea level. In Indonesia, this plant is widespread and cultivated in almost all major islands such as Java, Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Maluku. In addition, C. xanthorrhiza has also been cultivated in several Southeast Asian countries such as Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines, and Vietnam. In addition, cultivars may also be found in China, India, Japan, and Korea.
IUCN Category List Not yet assessed
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8214482/ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352361436_Javanese_Turmeric_Curcuma_xanthorrhiza_Roxb_Ethnobotany_Phytochemistry_Biotechnology_and_Pharmacological_Activities https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=42393#null
Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class: Liliopsida Order: Zingiberales Family: Zingiberaceae Genus: Kaempferia Species: parviflora Wall. ex Baker
Characteristics A low growing, understory plant which has short fleshy rhizomes dark purple in colour, tuberous roots, leaves erect or apprised to the soil and inconspicuous flowers usually white with violet labellum
Uses The rhizomes of Kaempferia parviflora (KP) (Zingiberaceae) have been used in Thai traditional medicine for health promotion and for the treatment of digestive disorders and gastric ulcer.
Distribution K. parviflora is a medicinal plant that can be found in tropical areas such as Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo Island, and Thailand
IUCN Category List DD- Data Deficient
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263772758_Morphological_description_for_Kunyit_Hitam_Kaempferia_parviflora_and_breaking_bud_dormancy_with_BAP_and_Ethephon_treatment#:~:text=Noted%20for%20its%20showy%20foliage,usually%20white%20with%20violet%20labellum https://globinmed.com/research_publication/kaempferia-parviflora-ethanolic-extract-promoted-nitric-oxide-production-in-human-umbilical-vein-endothelial-cells/
Taxonomy Phylum: Tracheophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Rosales Family: Moraceae Genus: Ficus L. Species: Ficus carica L.
Common name Fiku, Piku, Common Fig, Edible Fig Characteristic Deciduous shrub (to 10-15' tall) or small tree (to 15-30' tall).
Morphology Trunk The bark is smooth, silvery gray. Foliage Fragrant, alternate, thickly papery; stipules 1-1.2cm; petiole 2-5cm; leaf blade broadly ovate, deeply lobed with 3-5 lobes, irregularly toothed on the margins, rough on the upper surface, soft hair on the underside. Flowers Blooms inside the infructescence, small and inconspicuous.
Medicinal Used antimicrobial, antinociceptive, antipyretic, hypotensive and anti-dysentery remedy. Its latex and some fruit extracts are used by indigenous communities to treat skin disorders, inflammation, piles, vomiting, leprosy, malaria, nose-diseases and cancer besides the use as a general tonic.
List of country SE Asia, Malaysia, South and Central America, Africa, and Australia. Red List category Least concern (LC)
https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/29677 https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/4/1/4167 https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=282762#:~:text=Noteworthy%20Characteristics,with%20age)%20are%20ornamentally%20attractive. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4015825/
Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Piperales Family: Piperaceae Genus: Piper Species: sarmentosum Roxb.
Characteristics A wild growing herb with long creeping stems.
Morphology The leaves are alternate and heart-shaped. Young leaves usually have a waxy surface and are light green in color. It produces small, white flowers in the form of spikes, which are located at the terminal or leaf opposite the spikes. The bushy, abundant procumbent branches are about 40-50 cm in height
Uses In ancient Chinese medicine, many species are used to treat inflammatory diseases In the southern part of Thailand, the water mixture of the whole plant of P. sarmentosum is used to treat patients with diabetic disease and the crude extract is also reported to help in reducing the blood glucose level of onset diabetic patients In Indonesia, P. sarmentosum is used to treat coughs and asthma by chewing the rootlets with betel nut and swallowing the juice Piper sarmentosum has also been used as a carminative and to relieve coughs and muscle pain, while the fruits and leaves are used as an expectorant Treatment of wind-cold cough, fever, rheumatism arthralgia, diarrhea dysentery, postpartum foot swelling, stomachache, toothache, diabetes, and traumatic injury.
Distribution P. sarmentosum a traditional medicinal plant widely distributed in India, Malaysia, Thailand, and the southeastern coastal areas of China including Fujian, Guangdong, and Guizhou.
IUCN category list Not yet assessed
https://medcraveonline.com/JAPLR/piper-sarmentosum-roxb-a-mini-review-of-ethnobotany-phytochemistry-and-pharmacology.html#:~:text=Piper%20sarmentosum%20is%20a%20wild,opposite%20the%20spikes%20%5B2%5D https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32620264/
Taxonomy Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order:Solanales Family: Solanaceae Genus: Solanum Species: americanum Mill.
Common name black nightshade terung meranti terung para cicit terung perat
Morphology Leaves arranged spirally to almost opposite, simple; petiole 1–9 cm long; blade ovate to lanceolate, up to 14(–16) cm x 7(–12) cm, cuneate to truncate at base and decurrent along the petiole, acute to acuminate at apex, entire to toothed, glabrous or sparsely pubescent.
Uses Plant part use - The whole plant is considered medicinal and the leaves are eaten as vegetable in Southeast Asia. The leaves and ripe fruit has been used as herbal treatments for toothache, skin lesions, burns, scabies and anxiety, in the Middle east, North Africa, India and Southeast Asia. Traditional use - The plants are used as an emollient and antalgic in itching, burns and neuralgic pains, and are also considered expectorant and laxative. The leaves are said to have sedative and healing properties and are applied to cuts and ulcers. A decoction of the leaves is used to treat yaws. The fruit is considered to be a cure for diabetes. In Papua New Guinea, cooked leaves and stems are given to infants suffering from diarrhoea. In China, cooked young shoots are considered to be corrective and cooling, to increase the virility of men and to benefit menstrual disorders. A decoction of the leaves or seeds is used to treat wounds, cancerous sores and as an astringent. Diuretic properties are also attributed to the plant. The leaf juice is used against pain caused by an inflammation in the kidneys and bladder and by virulent gonorrhoea. In India, the leaves are used to treat inflammations on any part of the body, rheumatic and gouty joints and skin diseases.
Distribution Solanum americanum is native to Europe and western Asia, introduced in North America, Africa, Asia and Australia; probably fairly widely distributed throughout the Malaysia region.
https://globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/solanum-americanum-mill/#r2 https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/10.1079/cabicompendium.117222#:~:text=Leaves%20arranged%20spirally%20to%20almost,toothed%2C%20glabrous%20or%20sparsely%20pubescent.
Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle
Taxonomy Phylum : Tracheophyta Class : Liliopsida Order : Poales Family : Poaceae Genus : Cymbopogon Spreng. Species : Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle Common Name Blue citronella grass, ceylon citronella, citronella, citronella grass, citronella oil grass, false citronella, mana grass, nard grass, new citronella grass (English); sĕreh wangi, serai wangi (Malay); ya xiang mao (Chinese); kamachipillu (Tamil)
Characteristics The colour is brownish-green while the odour is aromatic. Morphology The growth habit of the ‘serai wangi’ is similar to that of ‘serai makan’ (Cymbopogon citratus). The stem is, however, whitish and has bigger canopy and more vigorous growth. The plant can grow to height of 1.0-1.5 m. The leaves are bigger (70-80 cm long and 2-5 cm wide). The leaves are also very dense, greenish and have very rough surface. The aroma produced from the leaves is very much stronger as compared to ‘serai makan’. ‘Serai wangi’ seldom are flowers. Plant part used Leaves Traditional Uses Traditionally, the leaf is used in the preparation of herbal bath formulations as afterbirth treatment for woman. Volatile oil of C. nardus is traditionally used in a small dose to comfort the stomach and aid digestion. It is also used to stimulate or increase menstrual flow. This plant is also traditionally used as an infusion or decoction to maintain general health It is also used in the production of massage oils to ease fatigue, abdominal pain, flatulence, nausea and vomiting. ‘Serai wangi’ is also used for culinary purposes such as in tea and as flavouring. Medicinal used Properties including antimicrobial activity, cytotoxicity activity, antiviral activity and antitrypanosomal activity. Commercially, it is used in the production of citronella oil, which is used in soaps, as a mosquito repellent in insect sprays and candles, and in the manufacturing of the aromatherapy products. The geraniol and citronellol, which are the principal component of citronella oil, have antiseptic properties, and normally used in the manufacturing of household disinfectants and soaps. List of Country Cymbopogon nardus or ‘serai wangi’ is native to South India or Sri Lanka. The plant, however, found growing wild in most tropical Asian countries, America and Africa. Red List Category This taxon has not yet been assessed.
https://globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/cymbopogon-nardus-l-rendle-2/ https://globinmed.com/conservation/serai-wangi-79354/ https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/3/8/3891 https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=41615#null
Talinum paniculatum
Taxonomy Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliophyta Order: Caryophyllales Family: Talinaceae Genus: Talinum Species: Talinum paniculatum Common name Ginseng Jawa (Malay), Fameflower (English)
Characteristic It is a herb or subshrub perennial up to 1.5m tall Morphology Elliptic to obovate leaves are up to 12 cm long with narrow stems that are sometimes reddish. Flowers are typically red or pink, but can also be orange, purple or yellow. They are arranged in branched clusters known as panicles. Medicinal uses Javanese Ginseng leaves contain calcium, iron, potassium, magnesium and zinc and have antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. It is also said to be good symptoms of menopause Distribution The native range of distribution for this species is in tropical and subtropical America. But this species are easily found in several habitats comprising, moist to dry woodlands and savannas also desert scrub, grasslands, beaches, flats, mounds, slopes, ledges in sand, clay, limestone, sandstone, igneous, often rocky soils and crevices IUCN Category List Not Evaluated (NE)
Park, J., Song, H., Kim, S. K., Lee, M. S., Rhee, D. K., & Lee, Y. (2017). Effects of ginseng on two main sex steroid hormone receptors: estrogen and androgen receptors. Journal of Ginseng Research, 41(2), 215-221 https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/43285 https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1007146-2 https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/2/4/2494
Taxonomy Phylum : Magnoliophyta Class : Liliopsida Order : Poales Family : Poaceae Genus : Cymbopogon Species : Cymbopogon citratus Common Name Serai, West Indian Lemon Grass, Oil Grass, Fever Grass, Serai Makan, Sereh Makan, Lemongrass.
Characteristics It is a clump-forming grass up to 1.2 m tall or 2m tall when in flower. Morphology Leaves Leaf blades are light green and strap-shaped (up to 0.9 m long, 2.5 cm wide). Crushed leaves exude a lemony scent. Stem A pseudostem formed from tightly-overlapping leaf sheaths on non-flowering shoots is 12-25 cm long and 1-2 cm across, bulbous and thickening towards base of plant. It is fragrant when crushed and yellowish-brown or reddish. Fruit Spikelets with hairy awns, rarely observed. Flower Numerous brownish florets held on compound drooping panicles up to 0.5 m across, rarely produced in cultivation. Plant part used Leaves, Roots Traditional Uses Herb and Spice : The crushed stalk produces a lemony flavor which is used in a variety of Southeast Asian dishes, such as curries, seafood, poultry dishes, and soups like Tom Yam Soup. Leaves can be boiled to make a refreshing tea to relieve stomach cramps, flatulence, colic and other digestive problems. Leaf paste is applied as a poultice on joints to treat rheumatism and on the forehead to relieve headaches and fever. Roots are consumed to induce sweating and improve urine flow. Leaves can be placed in bathwater to treat cuts and wounds, reduce swelling, improve blood circulation and remove body odour. Essential oils extracted from the leaf stalk is used in perfumes, cosmetics, skin care and aromatherapy products. Medicinal used Antifungal activity - Essential oil of C. citratus inhibited the hyphal growth and spore formation of Aspergillus niger. Antiparasitic activity - Essential oil ofC. citratus (200, 300 and 500 mg/kg/day) administered to mice (pre-inoculated with Plasmodium berghei) for four days showed anti-parasitic activity against P. berghei in a dose-dependent mannar (62.1-86.6%). Essential oil of C. citratus has been shown to possess anti-amoebic activity as tested against Entamoeba histolyteca. Antibacterial activity - Essential oil of C. citratus (0.1% v/v) inhibited the growth of Helicobacter pylori without resistance to the oil even after 10 times application. The oil also reduced the density of H. pylori in the stomach of mice treated with the oil compared to untreated mice. Antianxiety activity - Essential oil of C. citratus (0.5 and 1.0 g/kg) pre-administered orally to male Swiss mice increased the sleeping time, the percentage of entries and time spent in the open arms of the elevated plus maze as well as the time spent in the light compartment of light/dark box. List of Country Cymbopogon citratus is reported to be native to Sri Lanka. It is widely grown in the tropics, includes Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Tanzania, Brazil, Guatemala and China. It grows widely in many tropical countries of Asia, America, and Africa. Red List Category Not Evaluated (NE)
https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:396896-1 https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/1/9/1918 https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/5025 https://globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/cymbopogon-citratus-dc-stapf-105847/
Taxonomy Phylum : Tracheophyta Class : Magnoliopsida Order : Lamiales Family : Lamiaceae Genus : Coleus Common Name Painted Nettle, Flame Nettle, Common Coleus, Pokok Ati-ati, Pokok Ati-ati merah
Characteristics It is a subshrub and grows primarily in the wet tropical biome. Morphology Stem Herbaceous shrub, turns to semi-woody at base when mature. Stems squarish in cross-section. Stems usually purple, puberulent, branched. Leaves Leaves of various colours in attractive patterns, with coarsely crenate margins. Leaf blade ovate, 4-12.5 × 2.5-9 cm, membranous, yellow, dark red, purple, or green, puberulent, sparsely red-brown glandular abaxially, base broadly cuneate to rounded, margin crenate-serrate or crenate, apex obtuse to short acuminate. Flowers Flowers colours are blue and white. Plant part used Leaves Traditional Uses Coleus species are widely used in the region of tropical countries such as Vietnam, India and Indonesia as remedies for heart diseases, abdominal colic, respiratory disorders, painful maturation and certain central nervous system diseases. In Malaysia. Coleus species are locally known as ‘Ati-ati’ plant and used primarily as decoration houseplant. Bajau ethnic used Coleus species to treat cough Medicinal used The use of Coleus species as remedies in Malaysia was unknown. It is used to treat unspecified medicinal disorders, has environmental uses and social uses, as a medicine and for food. As a member of the mint family, species of Coleus are believed to have a lot of phenolic compounds. List of Country China, Taiwan, India, Indochina, Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, northern & western Australia, Solomon Islands Red List Category This taxon has not yet been assessed.
https://globinmed.com/research_publication/the-evaluation-of-total-phenolic-compounds-in-coleus-spp/ https://globinmed.com/research_publication/determination-of-antioxidant-properties-in-ati-ati-plants-coleus-amboinicus-and-coleus-blumei/ https://globinmed.com/tk/enthobotany-medicine-copy/ https://www.gbif.org/species/5341492 https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/2/4/2460 https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:446165-1
Citrus microcarpa
Taxonomy Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order:Sapindales Family:Rutaceae Genus: Citrus Species:Citrus microcarpa Common name Limau Kasturi, Calamansi
A shrub or small tree, calamansi can reach heights of 3–6 m (10–20 ft). Morphology Obovate leaf shape and the spines are sharp-tipped and located laterallyalong with the shoot. However, the older shoots are commonly thornless. Generally, the leaves aresubcoriaceous, alternately arranged or 1-foliolate laminae. Medicinal Uses Citrus microcarpa has several therapeutic effects and is a great source of vitamin C, D-limonene, and essential oils. It also has anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-angiogenic, and anti-cancer qualities that are beneficial to the immune system. Pectin, a source of dietary fibre, is also present in reasonable amounts.The musk of the fruit helps to reduce the bad cholesterol and the presence of Vitamin A and carotene helps to enhance eye health. Local people usually used Citrus microcarpa in drinks and food to enhance the flavor Distribution Citrus microcarpa is subsequently spread and was widely distributed in the Orient, especially in Indonesia and the Philippines, during early times. At present, it is widely grown in India and throughout South and South-East Asia IUCN Cateogory List Not yet assesed
Venkatachalam, K., Charoenphun, N., Srean, P., Yuvanatemiya, V., Pipatpanukul, C., Pakeechai, K., ... & Wongsa, J. (2023). Phytochemicals, Bioactive Properties and Commercial Potential of Calamondin (Citrofortunella microcarpa) Fruits: A Review. Molecules, 28(8), 3401. SOFIYANTI, N., IRIANI, D., WAHYUNI, P. I., IDANI, N., & LESTARI, P. (2022). Identification, morphology of Citrus L.(Aurantioideae-Rutaceae Juss.) and its traditional uses in Riau Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 23(2) https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/49483
Taxonomy Phylum : Magnoliophyta Class : Magnoliopsida Order : Lamiales Family : Lamiaceae Genus : Coleus Common Name Common Coleus, Indian Borage, Cuban Oregano, Bangun-Bangun Batik.
Characteristics It is a perennial herb with a life cycle of 3 – 10 years, fleshy and highly aromatic. It has a tendency to climb or creep, and can reach up to 1 m tall. Morphology Leaves Thick, furry, green leaves are broadly ovate with a scalloped, white to cream-coloured leaf margin. Crushed leaves have an herbal aroma. Stem Stems are tomentose (densely covered with short, soft hairs). Flower 10 – 20 flowers are arranged in a verticil inflorescence (10 – 20 cm long). The flowers encircle the floral stalk at several points along the floral stalk, with points closer together at the tip than at the base. Flower has bell shaped calyx. Plant part used Leaves Traditional Uses Coleus species are widely used in the region of tropical countries such as Vietnam, India and Indonesia as remedies for heart diseases, abdominal colic, respiratory disorders, painful maturation and certain central nervous system diseases. In Malaysia. Coleus species are locally used primarily as decoration houseplant. Bajau ethnic used Coleus species to treat cough Medicinal used The use of Coleus species as remedies in Malaysia was unknown. It is used to treat unspecified medicinal disorders, has environmental uses and social uses, as a medicine and for food. As a member of the mint family, species of Coleus are believed to have a lot of phenolic compounds. List of Country The native range of this species is Kenya to S. Africa, Arabian Peninsula, India. Red List Category Not Evaluated (NE)
https://www.britannica.com/plant/coleus