Allium sativum
subject: Taxonomy Phylum :Magnoliophyta Class :Liliopsida Order :Asparagales Family :Amarylidaceae Genus :Allium Species :Allium sativum
subject: Synonyms Allium arenarium Sadler ex Rchb. [Invalid], Allium controversum Schrad. ex Willd., Allium longicuspis Regel, Allium ophioscorodon Link, Allium pekinense Prokh., Porrum ophioscorodon (Link) Rchb., Porrum sativum (L.) Rchb. [Illegitimate]
subject: Common name Bawang putih, bawang china, bawang puteh, garlic, cultivated garlic
creator: Allium sativum (Linnaeus,1753)
publisher: Nur Athirah Roshaizi
contributor: Nur Athirah Roshaizi
language: English

Allium cepa
subject: Taxonomy Phylum :Magnoliophyta Class :Liliopsida Order :Asparagales Family :Amarylidaceae Genus :Allium Species :Allium cepa
subject: Synonyms Allium cepa var aggregatum G.Don, Allium angolense Baker, Allium aobanum Araki, Allium ascalonicum auct., Allium cepaeum St.-Lag., Allium commune Noronha, Allium cumaria Buch.-Ham. ex Wall. [Invalid], Allium esculentum Salisb., Allium napus Pall. ex Kunth, Allium nigritanum A.Chev. [Invalid], Allium pauciflorum Willd. ex Ledeb., Allium salota Dostál, Ascalonicum sativum P.Renault, Cepa alba P.Renault, Cepa esculenta Gray, Cepa pallens P.Renault, Cepa rubra P.Renault, Cepa vulgaris Garsault [Invalid], Kepa esculenta Raf., Porrum cepa (L.) Rchb.
subject: Common name Bawang merah, bawang kecil, bawang besar, onion, common onion, shallot onion
description: Characteristics A biennial herb that is grown as an annual and up to 100 cm tall.
description: Morphology Leaves Semiterete form, solid at first but later becoming hollow and pale bluish-green. Margin is terete. It is often inflated and hollow in the middle or in the lower part.
description: Inflorescence Up to 2000 flowers. The tepals are greenish-white to purplish. The stamens are sometimes slightly exceeding tepals and style shorter than stamens at anthesis.
description: Fruit 4-6 mm in diametre and containing up to 6 seeds. The size of seeds is about 3 mm x 2 mm.
description: Plant part used Fruits and leaves
description: Traditional uses The bulb is used as an ingredient in various hearty warm dishes. They are used raw in cold salads, pickling, cooking and frying. Used in the treatment of flatulence, dysentery, and as a stimulant, diuretic and expectorant. Sweet and hot with some heating and diuretic properties The onion is used to control flatulence, phlegm, fever and cough. Seed is to increase vitality, onion seeds are crushed and ingested.
description: Medicinal uses The bulb cure diuretic An extract of the dried plant was found to have a potent and prolonged hypoclycemic effect on artificially induced diabetes.
description: List of country South-East Asia, Philippines, Papua New Guinea and Thailand
creator: Allium cepa (Linnaeus,1753)
source: https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/allium-cepa-l-r/ https://www.gbif.org/species/2857697 https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/5/9/5931 http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:527795-1
publisher: Nur Athirah Roshaizi
contributor: Nur Athirah Roshaizi
language: English

Allamanda cathartica
subject: Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Magnoliopsida Order :Gentianales Family :Apocynaceae Genus :Allamanda Species :Allamanda cathartica
subject: Synonyms Allamanda aubletii Pohl, Allamanda chelsonii K.Koch [Invalid], Allamanda grandiflora (Aubl.) Lam. [Illegitimate], Allamanda hendersonii W.Bull ex Dombrain, Allamanda latifolia C.Presl, Allamanda linnaei Pohl, Allamanda schottii Hook. [Illegitimate], Allamanda wardleyana Lebas, Allamanda williamsii auct., Echites salicifolius Willd. ex Roem. & Schult., Echites verticillatus Sessé & Moc., Orelia grandiflora Aubl. [Illegitimate].
subject: Common name Akar chempaka hutan, akar chempaka kuning, bunga akar kuning, Allamanda, buttercup, common allamanda, golden trumpet vine, golden trumpet, yellow allamanda, yellow bell, cherries jubilee allamanda
description: Characteristics A climbing shrub with sticky, white latex. It can grow up to 50m in length.
description: Morphology Leaves Dark-green in colour, tapering at the base with acute drip tip. Length up to 15 cm and are arranged in whorls at the nodes.
description: Flowers Bell-shaped, brilliant yellow in colour, 5-lobed and measures up to 10 cm long.
description: Fruits Rarely seen, 7cm, bristly seedpod that splits open to release the flat, brown and winged seeds.
description: Plant part used Leaves and latex
description: Traditional uses Decoction of the A. cathartica leaves has been used as a purgative or emetic. White latex of A. cathartica was once used to treat worm infestation but the practice has been stopped because of the vomiting and diarrhoea it caused. A steaming infusion is used to relieve coughs and headaches by allowing the patient to breathe in the vapour. A. cathartica has been planted and introduce globally as an ornamental plant.
description: List of country Brazil
creator: Allamanda cathartica (Linnaeus,1753)
source: https://www.gbif.org/species/3169836 https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/allamanda-cathartica-l/ https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/1/3/1303
publisher: Nur Athirah Roshaizi
contributor: Nur Athirah Roshaizi
language: English

Aleurites moluccanus
subject: Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Magnoliopsida Order :Malpghiales Family : Euphorbiaceae Genus :Aleurites Species :Aleurites moluccanus
subject: Synonyms Aleurites ambinux Pers., Aleurites angustifolius Vieill. ex Guillaumin, Aleurites angustifolius Vieill., Aleurites commutatus Geiseler, Aleurites cordifolius (Gaertn.) Steud., Aleurites integrifolius Vieill. ex Guillaumin, Aleurites integrifolius Vieill., Aleurites javanicus Gand., Aleurites lanceolatus Blanco, Aleurites lobatus Blanco, Aleurites pentaphyllus Wall. [Invalid], Aleurites remyi Sherff, Aleurites trilobus J.R.Forst. & G.Forst., Camerium moluccanum (L.) Kuntze, Camirium cordifolium Gaertn., Camirium oleosum Reinw. ex Blume, Dryandra oleifera Lam., Jatropha moluccana L., Mallotus moluccanus (L.) Müll.Arg., Manihot moluccana (L.) Crantz, Ricinus dicoccus Roxb., Rottlera moluccana (L.) Scheff., Telopea perspicua Sol. ex Seem.
subject: Common name Kemiri, kembiri, buah keras, Candlenut tree, Indian walnut, lumbang tree
description: Characteristics A large, evergreen, monoecious tree, which can grow up to 10-40 m tall, with heavy, irregular and large-leafed crown that appears whitish or frosted from a distance due to a cover of white star-shaped hairs especially on the young parts.
description: Morphology Leaves Arranged alternate and simple. The stipules are small and early caducous. The petiole is up to 30 cm long and bears a pair of small and green-brown glands at the top on the upper side. The blade in young trees and suckers are subcircular in outline, measures up to 30 cm in diametre, with a cordate base and 3-5 triangular lobes. The blade in adult trees are ovate-triangular or ovate-oblong, measuring 12-23 cm x 6-12 cm, with entire or slightly sinuate margin, pointed at apex, curved and drooping and dark green with a silvery gloss.
description: Inflorescence 10-20 cm long, thyrsoid and terminal or upper-axillary. The flowers are unisexual, borne on a small pedicel and white. The female flowers terminate the ultimate branchlets of the cymes while the male flowers are much more numerous, smaller, open earlier and arranged around the female flowers in bunches. The sepal is 2-3-lobed at the anthesis. There are 5 lance-shaped petals which are 6-7 mm long in male flowers and 9-10 mm in female ones. There are 5 disk glands. The male flowers are with 10-20 stamens, arranged in 3-4 series with the outer ones free and the inner ones connate whereas the female flowers are 2-4-locular, with hairy ovary and 2-4 deeply bipartite styles.
description: Fruit Drupaceous, laterally compressed, ovoid-spherical and 2-seeded or semi spherical and 1-seeded, measuring 5-6 cm x 4-7 cm, hairy, indehiscent and olive-green with whitish flesh. The seed is compressed-spherical and measures up to 3 cm x 3 cm. The endocarp is thick, bony and rough while the albumen is thick and rich in oil.
description: Chemical compound (3α,5β,10α)-13-methoxypodocarpa-8,11,13-triene-3,12-diol, (5β,10α)-12,13-dihydroxypodocarpa-8,11,13-trien-3-one, (5β,10α)-12-hydroxy-13-methoxypodocarpa-8,11,13-trien-3-one, (5β,10α)-13-hydroxy-12-methoxypodocarpa-8,11,13-trien-3-one;2-O-rhamnosylswertisin, 5,6,7-trimethoxycoumarin, 6,7-dimethoxycoumarin, 6,7-dehydromoluccanic acid, 12-hydroxy-13-methylpodocarpa-8,11,13-trien-3-one, 13-O-myristyl-20-O-acetyl-12-deoxyphorbol, acetil, aleuritolic acid, ascorbic-acid, β-carotene, β-sitostenone, calcium, carbohydrates, ent-3α-hydroxypimara-8(14),15-dien-12-one, ent-3β,14α-hydroxypimara-7,9(11),15-triene-12-one, hentriacontane, linoleic-acid, linolenic-acid, moluccanic acid, moluccanic acid methyl ester, moluccanin, oleic-acid, phosphorus, swertisin, tannin, thiamine and spruceanol.
description: Plant part used Seeds
description: Traditional uses Treat stomach and bowel disorders in children, asthma, bad breath, skin sores or ulcers, swollen womb and rejuvenation of the body after poisoning. Fresh leaves of A. moluccana are used in poultices for swelling, deep bruises, and other ailments where local concentration of heat and sweating is desired. The boiled leaves are applied externally to treat headaches and gonorrhoea
description: Medicinal uses Methanol extract of A. molaccana leaves had been demonstrated to have lipid-lowering effects in a dose of 300 mg/kg body weight A. moluccana extract was found to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
description: List of country India and China, throughout Southeast Asia, to Polynesia and New Zealand.
creator: Aleurites moluccanus (Linnaeus,1753)
source: https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/aleurites-moluccanus-l-willd/ https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/searchcontinent=ASIA&taxon_key=4930679 https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/66870
publisher: Nur Athirah Roshaizi
contributor: Nur Athirah Roshaizi
language: English

Albizia myriophylla
subject: Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Magnoliopsida Order :Fabales Family :Fabaceae Genus :Albizia Species :Albizia myriophylla
subject: Synonyms Albizia microphylla J.F.Macbr., Albizia myriophylla var. foliolosa Baker, Albizia thorelii Pierre, Albizia vialeana var. thorelii (Pierre) P.H.Ho, Mimosa microphylla Roxb
subject: Common name Tebu gajah, akar manis
description: Characteristics A small tree that could reach a height of 4 m.
description: Morphology Leaves Bipinnate, from 15 to 20 cm long, of bright green colour. The pinnae consist of 10 to 15 pairs. The leaflets are from 30 to 40 pairs, minute, obliquely-linear in shape and smooth. The petioles are common and partial, downy. The panicles are terminal and axillary, villous, composed of globular heads of minute greenish-yellow corollets. The bracts are subulate, villous with calyx and corolla both villous. The filaments are from 10 – 20, monodelphous. The germ is long-pediculed.
description: Legumes Thin, leafy, smooth, long, broad and obtuse-pointed, from 3 to 6-seeded measuring 15-20 cm long and rather above one broad.
description: Seeds Oval, flat, smooth in shape and light brown in colour.
description: Chemical compound Aqueous methanol (50%) extract of A. myriophylla wood has been reported to contain iminosugars (e.g. 1-deoxymannojirimycin (DMJ), 2R,5R-dihydroxymethyl-3R,4R-dihydroxypyrrolidine (DMDP), 3- O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-DMDP), 2,5-dideoxy-2,5- imino-D-glucitol, 2-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-DMJ and 4-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-DMJ). Methanol extract of A. myriophylla dried stems has been reported to contain oleanane-type triterpene saponins. Hydrolyzed and unhydrolyzed methanol (80%) extract of A. myriophylla bark powder has been reported to contain gallic acid, gentisic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, salicylic acid, quercetin acid, eugenol and kaempferol.
description: Plant part used Roots, leaves and stems
description: Traditional uses The infusion of the A. myriophylla root internally for fever. The extract of the root of A. myriophylla, cotton bush (Gossypium brasiliense), rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) and an Euginia together with the ferns Stenochlaena palustris and Lypodium flexuosum. The boiled leaves as a lotion to treat ear ache by applying on the head.
description: Medicinal uses Methanol extract of A.myriophylla stem showed broad antifungal activity against six pathogenic Candida species: C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. guilliermondii, C. krusei, C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis.
description: List of country India, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam and Malaysia.
creator: Albizia myriophylla(Benth.,1844)
source: https://www.gbif.org/species/2973009 https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/albizia-myriophylla-benth/
publisher: Nur Athirah Roshaizi
contributor: Nur Athirah Roshaizi
language: English

Aglaia odorata
subject: Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Magnoliopsida Order :Sapindales Family :Meliaceae Genus :Aglaia Species :Aglaia odorata
subject: Synonyms Opilia odorata (Lour.) Spreng., Camunium chinense Roxb., Aglaia sinensis Pierre, Aglaia repoeuensis Pierre, Aglaia pentaphylla Kurz, Aglaia oblanceolata Craib, Aglaia duperreana Pierre, Aglaia chaudocensis Pierre
subject: Common name Chulan, pokok telur belangkas (Peninsular) , Chinese rice-flower , Chinese perfume plant, chuln tree, mock lemon, mock lime, orchid tree
description: Characteristics A shrub or small tree that can reach up to 10 m tall.
description: Morphology Leaflets 3-5(-7), opposite and with 5-9 pairs of secondary veins. They are usually smooth and hairless or occasionally with few yellowish-brown stellate scales with a fringed margin below.
description: Flowers 5-merous, 5 anthers, style-head ovoid or narrowly ovoid, longitudinally ridged and with 2 small apical lobes.
description: Fruit Indehiscent with 1-locular.
description: Chemical compound (1R,3E,7E,10S,11S,12R)-dolabella-3,7-dien-10,18-diol, (1R,3S,7E,11S,12R)-dolabella-4(16),7-dien-3,18-diol, (1R,7E,11S,12R)-18-hydroxydolabella-4(16),7-dien-3-one, (1R,3S,4S,7E,11S,12R)-3,4-epoxydolabella-7-en-18-ol, (1R,3R,7E,11S,12R)-dolabella-4(16),7,18-trien-3-ol, 5′-epi-odorine, 21,25-cyclodammar-20(22)-ene-3β,24α-diol, aglaiastatin, α-humulene, aminopyrrolidine-diamides, β-elemene, β-humulene-7-ol, caryophyllene, copaene, ethyl linolenate, ethyl palmitate, germacrene D, methyl jasmonate, odorine, odorino, pyrimidinone, and rocaglaol.
description: Plant part used Leaves, roots and flowers
description: Traditional uses Decoction of the A. odorata leaves is a remedy for diarrhoea and also to treat excessive menstruation. The flowers are also used to treat cough, vertigo, and to ease childbirth . It also applied to body of women after childbirth . The dried flowers and buds are used to scent tea. Leaves and roots are reported used to reduce fever, relieve chest or respiratory tract disorders, for convulsion and consumed as a tonic.
description: Medicinal uses Crithidia shares a variety of biochemical mechanisms with the genera Leishmania and Trypasoma and has been used to assess anti-protozoal activity. It was found that extracts of the leaves of A. odorata was able to inhibit Crithidia providing evidence that it may have similar activity against Leishmania and Trypasoma A. odorata extracts were found to have the following effects of Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 (HSV-1): inhibition of plaque formation of HSV-1; effective against thymidine kinase-deficient HSV-1 and phosphonoacetate-resistant HSV-1 strains; and limit development of skin lesion. A number of bifurans isolated from A. odorata were found to be active against three plant pathogens i.e. Pyricularia grisea, Fusarium avenaceum and Alternaria citri. Of these the most active was found to be rocaglaol. -A. odorata contains a number of compounds with cytotoxic activity. Odorine and 5’-epi-odorine were found to inhibit the growth of vinblastine-resistant KB cells by enhancing the anticancer activity of vinblastine.
description: List of country Burma (Myanmar), Cambodia, Vietnam, Hainan (China) and Thailand; possibly in Laos and the Moluccas. It is also cultivated in India, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and Java.
creator: Aglaia odorata (Lour.,1790)
source: https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/aglaia-odorata-lour-105809/ https://www.gbif.org/species/5597349
publisher: Nur Athirah Roshaizi
contributor: Nur Athirah Roshaizi
language: English

Aglaia lawii
subject: Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Magnoliopsida Order :Sapindales Family :Meliaceae Genus :Aglaia Species :Aglaia lawii
creator: Aglaia lawii (C.J.Saldanha & D.H.Nicolson, Fl. Hassan Distr.,1976)
publisher: Nur Athirah Roshaizi
contributor: Nur Athirah Roshaizi

Ageratum houstonianum
subject: Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Magnoliopsida Order :Asterales Family :Asteraceae Genus :Ageratum Species :Ageratum houstanianum
creator: Ageratum houstonianum (Mill,1768)
publisher: Nur Athirah Roshaizi
contributor: Nur Athirah Roshaizi
language: English

Ageratum conyzoides
subject: Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Magnoliopsida Order :Asterales Family :Asteraceae Genus :Ageratum Species :Ageratum conyzoides
subject: Synonyms Ageratum album Hort.Berol. ex Hornem., Ageratum album steudel [Invalid], Ageratum arsenei B.L.Rob., Ageratum brachystephanum Regel, Ageratum ciliare L., Ageratum ciliare Lour., Ageratum coeruleum Desf. [Illegitimate], Ageratum conyzoides f. album (Willd.) B.L.Rob., Ageratum conyzoides f. conyzoides, Ageratum conyzoides var. conyzoides, Ageratum conyzoides subsp. conyzoides, Ageratum conyzoides var. hirtum (Lam.) DC., Ageratum conyzoides var. inaequipaleaceum Hieron., Ageratum conyzoides f. obtusifolia (Lam.) Miq., Ageratum conyzoides var. pilosum Blume, Ageratum cordifolium Roxb., Ageratum hirsutum Lam., Ageratum hirsutum Poiret, Ageratum hirsutum Poir., Ageratum hirtum Lam. [Illegitimate], Ageratum humile Larran., Ageratum humile Salisb. [Illegitimate], Ageratum humile Larrañaga, Ageratum iltisii R.M.King & H.Rob., Ageratum latifolium Cav., Ageratum latifolium var. galapageium B.L.Rob., Ageratum latifolium var. latifolium, Ageratum microcarpum (Benth. Ex Benth.) Hemsl., Ageratum muticum Griseb., Ageratum nanum Hort. Ex Sch.Bip. [Illegitimate], Ageratum obtusifolium Lam., Ageratum odoratum Vilm., Ageratum odoratum Bailly, Ageratum suffruticosum Regel, Alomia microcarpa f. torresii Standl., Cacalia mentrasto Vell. Conc., Caelestina latifolia (Cav.) Benth. ex Oerst., Caelestina microcarpa Benth. ex Benth. [Illegitimate], Caelestina microcarpa Benth. xx Oerst., Caelestina suffruticosa Sweet [Illegitimate], Carelia brachystephana (Regel) Kuntze, Carelia conyzoides (L.) Kuntze, Carelia mutica (Griseb.) Kuntze, Eupatorium conyzoides (L.) E.H.L.Krause [Illegitimate], Eupatorium conyzoides (L.) E.H. Krause, Eupatorium paleaceum Sessé & Moc., Sparganophorus obtusifolius Lag.
subject: Common name Daun misai kuching, rumput jalang, rumput pereh jarang, rumput sekedok, sekedok, selaseh dandi, selasik dandi, senarong kambing, sianggit, tahi anjing, tahi ayam, tombok tombok jantan; oran, serak semalam, suokning (Sarawak) , Appa grass, bastard arimony, Billy-goat weed, blueweed, conyzoid floss-flower, goat weed, tropic ageratum, white dung herb, white weed
description: Characteristics An annual erect herb that sometimes is decumbent and rooting at the base. It can reach up to 120(-150) cm tall.
description: Morphology Leaves Egg-shaped, triangular-ovate or rhomboid-ovate, size (0.5-)1-10 cm x 0.5-7 cm, with obtuse or rounded base.
description: Flowering head About 4-6 mm long. The number of flowers is 60-75. The outermost ring of the bract is beset with only simple non-gland hairs while the inner bracts are with abruptly contracted apex. The petal is between 1-2.5 mm long.
description: Fruit Hairless or very sparingly hairy
description: Chemical compound Flavonoids, alkaloids, coumarins, essential oils, tannins, chromenes, benzofurans and terpenoids. The main chemicals found in the plant are: 6,7-dimethoxy-2,2-dimethylchromene, 6-demetoxyageratochromene, 6-vinyl-demethoxy-ageratochromene, ageratochromene (precocene II), α-cubebene, α -pinene, α -terpinene, β-caryophyllene, β -cubebene, β-elemene, β-farnesene, β-myrcene, β-pinene, β-selinene, β-sitosterol, cadinene, caryophyllene-oxide, conyzorigin, coumarin, dotriacontene, endo-borneol, endo-bornyl-acetate, ethyl-eugenol, ethyl-vanillin, farnesol, friedelin, HCN, hexadecenoic-acid, kaempferol, kaempferol-3,7-diglucoside, kaempferol-3-o-rhamnosylglucoside, linoleic-acid, quercetin, quercetin-3,7-diglucoside, and quercetin-3-o-rhamnosylglucoside, and 5,6,7,8,3′,4′,5′-heptamethoxyflavone. The light petroleum extract of A. conyzoides has been reported to contain friedelin, sitosterol and stigmasterol.
description: Plant part used Leaves, roots, and aerial parts
description: Traditional uses A. conyzoides is used to treat fever, rheumatism, headache, colic, wounds caused by burns, dyspepsia, eye problem, uterine disorders and pneumonia. This plant is used in folk remedies as a purgative, febrifuge, for ophthalmia, treatment of ulcers and as a wound dressing. A decoction of the plant is taken internally to treat diarrheal and to relieve pain associated with the navel in children. A. conyzoides is also used to treat prostate problems and is given to women after childbirth and for promoting menstruation.
description: Medicinal uses The wound healing properties of methanolic extracts of A. conyzoides leaves were compared to honey. Hydroalcoholic extract of A. conyzoides leaves has been reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory activity on subacute (cotton pellet-induced granuloma) and chronic (formaldehyde-induced arthritis)
description: List of country Central and South America, but now is a pantropical weed that is very common throughout India, Burma (Myanmar), Indo-China, southern China, Thailand and Malesia.
creator: Ageratum conyzoides (Linnaeus,1753)
source: https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/ageratum-conyzoides-l-l/ https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/search?taxon_key=5401673 https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/5/1/5183
publisher: Nur Athirah Roshaizi
contributor: Nur Athirah Roshaizi
language: English

Agelaea macrophylla
subject: Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Magnoliopsida Order :Oxalidales Family :Connaraceae Genus :Agelaea Species :Agelaea macrophylla
subject: Synonyms Agelaea trinervis (Lianos) Merr., Agelaea diepenhorstii King, Agelaea hullettii King, Agelaea sarawakensis Merr., Agelaea wallichii Hook.f., Castanola hullettii (King) Schellenb., Castanola macrophylla (Zoll.) Schellenb., Castanola wallichii (Hook.f.) Schellenb., Connarus diepenhorstii Miq., Erythrostigma macrophylla Zoll., Erythrostigma macrophyllum Zoll., Hemiandrina hullettii (King) G. Schellenb.
subject: Common name Akar pinang kutai, Akar nyamok, Pinang kotai, Akar pinang ketul
description: Characteristics A large liana with stem up to 4 cm in diametre. The leaf stalk is up to 15 cm long while the stipules are absent.
description: Morphology Leaves With three leaflets. The leaflets are egg-shaped to elliptical-oblong, about 4-34 cm x 2-14 cm. They are entire. The upper surface has many mucous cells, which looks like small pits in dried material.
description: Inflorescence An axillary, paniculate and often several together in the axil of a sometimes-rudimentary leaf, up to 5 cm long.
description: Flowers Bisexual, (4-)5-merous, up to 6 mm long, sweet-scented and more or less heterodistylous. Pedicels are jointed. The sepals are nearly free. Petals are much longer than sepals, free and whitish. There are 10 stamens, shortly united at base with 5 are slightly longer than the other 5. The carpels are 5, superior and free.
description: Fruit Consisting of 1-5 follicles, obovoid, with or without a beak at the apex, velvety, orange to red, dehiscing by a ventral suture and 1-seeded.
description: Seeds Fleshy, yellow to red testa in lower part and black but glossy testa in upper part. They are without endosperm. The cotyledons are thick and planoconvex.
description: List of country Indo-China, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Bali, Borneo, the Moluccas and the Philippines.
creator: Agelaea macrophylla (Leenh,1958)
source: https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/agelaea-macrophylla-zoll-leenh-r/ https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/23010 https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/2873792304 https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/7/9/7978 http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:264086-1
publisher: Nur Athirah Roshaizi
contributor: Nur Athirah Roshaizi
language: English

Adenostemma viscosum
subject: Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Magnoliopsida Order :Asterales Family :Asteraceae Genus :Adenostemma Species :Adenostemma viscosum
subject: Synonyms Adenostemma dregei DC., Adenostemma glutinosum DC., Adenostemma macrophyllum (Blume) DC., Adenostemma microcephalum DC., Adenostemma natalense DC., Adenostemma ovatum Miq., Adenostemma parviflorum (Blume) DC., Adenostemma perrottetii DC., Ageratum strictum Sims, Ethulia aquatica Roxb. ex DC., Lavenia glutinosa Gaudich., Lavenia macrophylla Blume, Lavenia parviflora Blume, Lavenia viscida Buch.-Ham.
subject: Common name Rumput tahi babi, Daun susu babi, Rumput pasir, Dung weed
description: Characteristics An annual or sometimes perennial herb that can reach a height of between 30-100 cm and often rooting at the lower nodes.
description: Morphology Leaves Simple where the lower leaves are opposite while the upper ones are alternate. The leaves form is broad elliptical to oblong and broadly egg-shaped and measure about 4-20 cm x 3-12 cm. The leaves base is rounded-cuneate, the apex is acute to obtuse and margins are dentate to serrate. The leaf stalk size of the lower leaves is up to 9 cm long while the upper leaves are almost stalkless. There are no stipules. Inflorescence Consisting of heads in a lax terminal paniculate corymb. The inflorescence stalk measures 1-4 cm long. The ring of its bracts is shaped like a bell or cup-shaped, it has 2-seriate, scales sub-equal, herbaceous, and more or less connate at the base. The glandular head is measures about 3-7 mm x 6-10 mm that about 30-flowered. The flowers are all tubular with petals about 1.5-2 mm long and divided into 4, on the outside with glandular hairs in white or violet. It has 5 stamens with the ovary at the inferior of it style bifid- its branches are slender and long, thickened at the top. Fruit Small, obovate-oblong in shape, irregularly triangular with measures about 2.5-4 mm x 1 mm. It is glandular when young but afterwards smooth or warty and crowned with a pappus consisting of a few clavate setae which usually thickened at the top and glandular. The seedling is with epigeal germination.
description: Chemical compound 11-Hydroxylated kauranic acids, viz, ent-11α-hydroxy-15 α -acetoxykaur-16-en-19-oic acid, ent-11α, 15 α -dihydroxykaur-16-en-19-oic acid, (l6R)-ent-11α -hydroxy-15-oxokauran-19-oic acid and ent-11α -hydroxy-15-oxokaur-16-en-10-oic acid and their glycosides.
description: Plant part used Whole plant, leaves and roots.
description: Traditional uses Leaves are boiled and rubbed on the skin to relieve itch and treat infected sores and the whole body is rubbed in case of fever. In Sabah, the leaf extract is given to prevent infections after childbirth. The leaves are chewed against dysentery, or together with those of Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. and Phyllanthus urinaria L. against colic. The leaves are used as a lotion to arrest baldness while leaves paste is used to poultice sun-burned skin, scorched and are applied to boils and ulcers to ripen them. The leaves are also used for treating palpitations, dysuria, toothache, aphthae and sore throats. A. viscosum leaves are eaten as a vegetable, but always in combination with other vegetables, because of their bitterness. The leaves are also applied to hair during washing to prevent hair falls. The leaves are taken with some salt for sore throat. A decoction of the A. viscosum root is traditionally used for stomachache. The roots are chewed alone or together with Piper betle leaves and ginger to treat cough. The roots are also chewed with a little areca nut and some lime to treat coughs.
description: List of country Pakistan, India, Japan, Southeast Asia, Australia and the Pacific Islands Tropical Africa
creator: Adenostemma viscosum ( J. R. Forst. & G. Forst.,1775)
source: https://mediaphoto.mnhn.fr/media/1589227791626AIFu2rSDigMWRBm1 https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/adenostemma-viscosum-j-r-forst-g-forst/ https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/taxonomy?taxon_key=3094604 http://www.westafricanplants.senckenberg.de/images/pictures/aste_adenostemma_viscosum_rvbli_4156_10_3688_68601d.jpg https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/39720
publisher: Nur Athirah Roshaizi
contributor: Nur Athirah Roshaizi
language: English

Adenanthera pavonina
subject: Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Magnoliopsida Order :Fabales Family :Fabaceae Genus :Adenanthera Species :Adenanthera pavonina
subject: Synonyms Adenanthera gersenii Scheff. Corallaria parvifolia Rumph.
subject: Common name Saga tumpul (Peninsular), Coralwood , Bean tree, Peacock tree, Circassian bean
description: Characteristics A small to medium-sized trees that can reach up to 30(-40) m tall. It is rarely shrubs.
description: Morphology Leaves Arranged spirally, bipinnate and without glands. The first 2 leaves are arranged opposite while the subsequent ones are arranged spirally. The first few leaves are pinnate while the subsequent ones are bipinnate. The leaflets are alternate and entire. The stipules are small and caducous. Inflorescence Terminal and axillary, consists of many-flowered, simple, spike-like racemes, solitary or few together. The flowers are 5-merous, small and with jointed pedicels. The sepal lobes are valvate as well as the petals. There are 10 free stamens. The ovary is superior, 1-locular and with many ovules and simple style. Fruit A strap-shaped, many-seeded pod, straight to spirally twisted and dehiscent along both sutures. Seed Red or red and black, shiny and broadly ellipsoid to broadly obovoid or orbicular. The seedling is with epigeal germination. The cotyledons are emergent and fleshy while the hypocotyl is elongated.
description: Chemical compound 1,2-diacylglycerols, 1,3-diacylglycerols, 24-epiclerosterol, 24-methyl cholesterol, beta-sitosterol, docosanoic acid, eicosanoic acid, eicosenoic acid, eicosadienoic acid, isofucosterol, lignoicerotic acid, linoleic acid, lysophosphatidylcholine, myristic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, pavonin, pentadecanoic acid, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, stearic acid, stigmasterol, sitosterol and triacylglycerols
description: Plant part used Leaves, bark and seeds
description: Traditional uses The leaves and seeds of A. pavonia had been used in the treatment of rheumatism and gout. Powdered seeds is also used for treatment of abscesses. The bark is considered a tonic while the seeds in powdered form is used in treatment of headaches.
description: Medicinal uses Methanol extract of of A. pavonia seeds was evaluated for its anti-inflammatory effects in animal models. Ethanol extract of A. pavonia leaves also has anti-inflammatory activity which could possibly be due to the presence of active constituents like β-sitosterol and stigmasterol and probably also due to the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. In the acetic acid-induced writhing in mice it was found that the methanolic extract of the seeds of A. pavonia could inhibit it. Additionally, both the early and late phase of the formalin-induced paw.
description: List of country Sri Lanka, Burma, Indo-China, Southern China, Thailand,Malesia(except for Philippines), India and Africa
creator: Adenanthera pavonina (Linnaeus,1753)
source: https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/37764546 https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/138728637 https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/100246662 https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/gallery?taxon_key=2951846 https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/adenanthera-pavonina-l-105801/
publisher: Nur Athirah Roshaizi
contributor: Nur Athirah Roshaizi
language: English

Acrostichum aureum
subject: Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Polypodiopsida Order :Polypodiales Family :Pteridaceae Genus :Acrostichum Species :Acrostichum aureum
subject: Synonyms Acrostichum guineense Gaudich, Acrostichum inaequale Willd, Chrysodium aureum (L.) Mett, Chrysodium inaequale (Willd.), Fée Chrysodium vulgare Fée
subject: Common name Piai raya, Piai lasa, Larat, Pebisi, Paku bulu emas, Paku laut, Peye, Piai, Umbi piai , Umbi peye, Mangrove fern, Golden leather fern, Swamp fern
description: Characteristics The crown is erect and very large.
description: Morphology Fronds Pinnate, rigid, coriaceous, glabrous, 0.9–1.8m long and 30cm wide, with a rigid naked strip 30–60cm long. The pinnae oblong-lanceolate, the lower shortly stalked and barren, 15–35cm long and 2.5–5.0cm wide; the upper fertile, almost sessile, one 10–15cm long, 1.5–2.5 cm broad, with a recurved margin all rounded and obtuse, or mucronat at the apex, rounded or shortly cuneate at the base and with the margin entire. The mid-rib conspicuous; veinlets often obtuse, anastomosing freely into small irregular areolae, but without any main veins, or any free veinlets. The fertile pinnae wholly occupied with sori except the mid-rib.
description: Chemical compound Ethanol extract of A. aureum has been reported to contain reducing sugars, alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, steroids, flavonoids, gums and terpenoids. Methanol extract on the leaf parts of A. aureum contains patriscabratine, (2-acetamido-3-phenylpropyl) 2- benzamido-3-phenylpropanoate, (2R,3S)-sulfated pterosin C and tetracosane.
description: Plant part used Rhizomes and leaves
description: Traditional uses The powdered or granted rhizomes of A. aureum were used to treat wounds, non-healing ulcers and boils. The frond is applied over venomous snakebites as an antidote. The fertile fronds and roots are also used traditionally for syphilitic ulcers. Treat sore throat, chest pains, elephantiasis, purgative and febrifuge. Leaves of A. aureum were used to cure cloudy urine in women.
description: Medicinal uses Acetic acid induced writhing test in mice was used for determining the analgesic activity. Ethanol extract of A. aureum were applied on carrageenan-induced inflammation rat models to study anti-inflammatory activity. Growth inhibition of bacteria was tested in a disc diffusion method where, the ethanolic extract of A. aureum showed maximum activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, gram-negative bacteria. While the acetone and methanolic extracts of A. aureum showed moderate level of inhibition towards Escherichia coli.
description: List of country Caribbean, Southeast Asia, Australasia, East and West Africa
creator: Acrostichum aureum (Linnaeus,1753)
source: https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/8710 https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/acrostichum-aureum-l/ http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=235080 https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/1/5/1535 https://www.gbif.org/species/2651706 https://www.inatu...g/photos/69630600
publisher: Nur Athirah Roshaizi
contributor: Nur Athirah Roshaizi
language: English

Achyranthes aspera
subject: Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Magnoliopsida Order :Caryophyllales Family :Amaranthaceae Genus :Achyranthes Species :Achyranthes aspera
subject: Synonyms Achyranthes acuminata E.Mey. ex Cooke & Wright, Achyranthes asperoides Pires de Lima, Achyranthes australis R.Br., Achyranthes canescens R.Br., Achyranthes daito-insularis Tawada, Achyranthes ellipticifolia Stokes, Achyranthes fruticosa Desf., Achyranthes grandifolia Moq., Achyranthes obovata Peter [Illegitimate], Achyranthes obovatifolia Stokes, Achyranthes okinawensis Tawada, Achyranthes robusta C.H.Wright, Achyranthes sicula Roth, Achyranthes tenuifolia Steud. [Invalid], Cadelaria punctata Raf., Centrostachys aspera (L.) Standl., Centrostachys australis (R.Br.) Standl., Centrostachys canescens (R.Br.) Standl., Centrostachys grandifolia (Moq.) Standl., Centrostachys indica (L.) Standl., Stachyarpagophora aspera (L.) M.Gómez
subject: Common name Ara songsang, Nyarang sunsang , Arasongsang, Nyarang songsang, Nyarang sunsang,Prickly chaff flower, Colic weed, Cow pimpler, Devils whip, Man better man, Prickly chaff-flower, Rough chaff flower, Rough chaff tree, Soldier rod, Washerman’s plant
description: Characteristics An annual to perennial herb which can grow up to 30-120 cm tall. It is with angular stem, ribbed, stiff, with thickened nodes, variably pubescent and reddish-brown.
description: Morphology Leaves Ovate-obovate or elliptical-oblong, measuring 1-10 cm x 1-5 cm, with attenuate base, with obtuse apex or acute, hairless to densely hairy and with 5-15 mm long petiole. The tepals are ovate-lance-shaped, measure 3.5-6.5 mm long, 3-veined, green, pungent in fruit and the pseudo-staminodes are with a fimbriate scale. The pericarp is oblong, about 3 mm long and dark brown. Spike Terminal and axillary, measures about 10-75 cm long, including a peduncle 0.5-15 cm long. The rachis is stiff, ribbed and more or less densely white hairy. The ovate bracts are 2-3.5 mm long, acuminate at apex, not pungent and silvery. The bracteoles are ovate, with spines 2.5-4.5 mm long, sharp, with basal wing adnate to spine which is easily detaching and measuring 1-2 mm long.
description: Chemical compound Shoot contains aliphatic dihydroxyketone, 36,47-dihydroxyhenpentacontan-4-one, tritriacontanol, essential oil, a long chain alcohol, 17-pentatriacontanol, 27-cyclohexylheptacosan-7-ol, 16-hydroxy-26-methylheptacosan-2-one, 4-methylheptatriacont-1-en-10-ol and tetracontanol-2. Ecdysterone was found in the seeds, stem, leaves and root. Chloroform extract of the stem contains pentatriacontan, 6-pentatriacontanone, hexatriacontane and triacontane. Flavonoids and alkaloids were found in the inflorescence. aerial parts has been reported to contain saponins. seeds has been reported to contain protein with amino acid contents of leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine and valine while tryptophan and sulphur amino acid (methionine and cystine) root contains oleanolic acid as the aglycone from the saponin, alkaloids but no flavonoids. powder contained high levels of manganese, magnesium, zinc, calcium and phosphorus in comparison to those of common vegetables and plants.
description: Plant part used Leaves, roots, twigs and seeds
description: Traditional uses An antipyretic, an anti-inflammatory agent, a diuretic and for the treatment of constipation, fever (especially malarial fever), bronchitis, sprains, dysentery, asthma, hypertension, diabetes and as wound dressing. The whole plant is used in the treatment of diabetes and as a blood purifier. The whole plant is dried and burnt to an ash which is then mixed with common salt and massaged onto the gums and tooth area to relieve toothache while the stem is used as a tooth brush. The crushed leaves are used as a dressing to promote blood clotting
description: Medicinal uses Leaf extracts help in thyroid hormones activity by increasing body weights, hepatic protein content and serum glucose levels. Methanol extract of A. aspera leaves (3 and 5.5 g/kg body weight, p.o.) showed anti-fertility activity, 50% ethanolic extract elicited reproductive toxicity by inhibit male reproduction ability activity by treating the reduced sperm count, reduced weight of epididymis, reduced serum testosterone and reduced testicular 3b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. Powdered whole plant of A. aspera (2, 3 & 4 g/kg) and its water and methanol extracts (at doses equivalent to 4 g/kg) caused dose-dependent reductions in blood glucose levels in normal and alloxan diabetic with acetohexamide used as the standard antidiabetic drug. The ethanolic extract of A. aspera (100 – 500 mg/kg) showed anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity The achyranthine and the entire plant showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococuss heamolyticus and Bacillus typhosus. -The cystone (400 and 500 mg/kg, p.o.) produced a significant increase in urine volume and also significantly increased sodium, potassium and calcium excretion.
description: List of country Malaysia, Australia and America
creator: Achyranthes aspera (Linnaeus, 1753)
source: https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/achyranthes-aspera-l-105989/ https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/5/9/5967
publisher: Nur Athirah Roshaizi
contributor: Nur Athirah Roshaizi
language: English

Acanthus ebracteatus
subject: Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Magnoliopsida Order :Lamiales Family :Acanthaceae Genus :Acanthus Species :Acanthus ebracteatus
subject: Synonyms Acanthus ilicifolius Lour. [Illegitimate], Acanthus ilicifolius var. ebracteatus (Vahl) Benoist, Dilivaria ebracteata (Vahl) Pers.
subject: Common name Beruju, Jeruju, Jeruju hitam, Gerige, Holly-leaved mangrove, Sea holly
description: Characteristics An erect herbaceous plant which can grow up to 1 m tall with woody material only seen in older branches.
description: Morphology Stem Green to dark brown to black colour and is armed with numerous spines. It can grow up to 1.5-2m tall. Leaves Oblong and with a size of measuring 12-20 cm x 3-5 cm. The leaf blade being dark green, stiff and deeply lobed. The apex of the lobes each has a sharp spine. Flowers In terminal or axillary spikes of about 10 cm long with several flowers. The bracts are ovate and 0.6cm long while the bracteoles are absent. Corolla usually white in colour but there are varieties with pale blue colour. The lip is 2.5cm long and 1.5cm wide, white entirely or with cobalt blue tip and yellowish central keel, elliptic-oblong. The stamens are pink. Spike up to 10 cm long, many-flowered, ovate bracts which are measures 6-8 mm long. The sepal lobes are ovate in shape. The petal lobe is elliptical-oblong, measuring 2.5 cm x 2 cm, white and rarely bluish in colour. Fruit A square-shaped capsule, which explodes when ripe and projecting the seeds measure up to 2 m from the plant. Seeds Off-white and flat.
description: Chemical compound benzoxazinoid glucosides (such as 7-chloro-(2R)-2-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one, (2R)-2-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-5-hydroxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one), galactose, 3-O-methylgalactose, arabinose, galacturonic acid and rhamnose.
description: Plant part used Leaves, fruits, seeds, stems and roots
description: Traditional uses The leaves of A. ebracteatus are being used to treat inflammatory conditions like rheumatism. The seeds on the other hand are highly regarded as a remedy for persistent boils. Pounded and mixed with water, it would render the person free of boils for a year for each seed taken. In addition, the seeds are used to treat intestinal worms. For snakebites, the Malays often advocate the use of the roots as an immediate remedy. The same is used to treat effects of other animal toxins. It is generally known amongst the inhabitants of mangroves that the juices of the leaves are good for preventing hair loss. The roots are used to treat herpes zoster. A cough mixture is made from the seeds together with flowers of Averrhoa and black sugar cane, cinnamon and rock sugar.
description: Medicinal uses Various extracts of A. ebracteatus were found to be able to inhibit chemical mutagenesis by inhibiting enzyme activities necessary for the activation of indirect mutagens/carcinogens. The aqueous extract could reduce the production of eicosanoid. A. ebracteatus has good antimicrobial activity against nosocomial pathogen and skin infection bacteria at low concentrations.
description: List of country Peninsular Malaysia, Indonesia and Australia
creator: Acanthus ebracteatus (Vahl,1791)
source: https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/acanthus-ebracteatus-vahl-106076/ https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/9204 https://www.gbif.org/species/5415454 https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/1/5/1594 https://inaturali...457/original.jpeg
publisher: Nur Athirah Roshaizi
contributor: Nur Athirah Roshaizi
language: English

Acalypha indica
subject: Taxonomy Phylum : Tracheophyta Class : Magnoliopsida Order : Malpighiales Family : Euphorbiaceae Genus : Acalypha Species : Acalypha indica
subject: Synonyms Acalypha bailloniana Müll.Arg., Acalypha chinensis Benth., Acalypha cupamenii Dragend., Acalypha decidua Forssk., Acalypha fimbriata Baill., Acalypha somalensis Pax., Acalypha somalium Müll.Arg., Acalypha spicata Forssk., Cupamenis indica (L.) Raf., Ricinocarpus baillonianus (Müll.Arg.) Kuntze, Ricinocarpus deciduus (Forssk.) Kuntze, Ricinocarpus indicus (L.) Kuntze.
subject: Common name Chika mas, Kucing galak, Lis-lis, Rumput lis-lis, Rumput lislis, Tjeka mas, Indian acalypha, Indian nettle, Three-seeded mercury
description: Characteristics An erect and annual herb that can grow up to 1.5 m tall.
description: Morphology Leaves Rhombic-ovate, measure (1-)3-5(-7) cm x (1-)2.5-3(-5) cm, wedge-shaped at base, with shallowly serrate margin and petiole 2-6 cm long. Inflorescences Bisexual, solitary and with short slender male portion while the female flowers are fewer and less crowded than in A. lanceolata. They arewith broad bracts, shallowly and obtusely toothed, which are much less closely nerved and produce allomorphic female flowers at the apex. Fruit 2-2.5 mm in diametre.
description: Chemical compound Cyanogenetic glucoside, triacetonamine and quebrachitol
description: Plant part used Leaves
description: Traditional uses A mixture of the juice and that of the leaves from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica) acts as an expectorant and is given for bronchitis, diarrhea, and vomiting. Cooked leaves are eaten to alleviate asthma, hypertension, impurities in the blood and to treat various illnesses in infants. Other preparations are taken to relieve inflammation of the joints, fevers caused by chest colds and infections, asthma and a burning sensation in the windpipe. A decoction is used as an emetic to cure pleurisy, cleanse and clear breathing passages and alleviate swelling of the windpipe, as well as to cure asthma, hypertension, and skin problems caused by impurities in the blood. The juice is considered a remedy for ringworm, scabies, and rashes - a mixture of the juice and neem (Azadirachta indica) oil is used for various skin diseases that cause itching. A mixture of the leaves and castor oil is applied to relieve joint aches. Leaf juice is also used as eardrops for ear infections, earaches and other ear problems. Crushed and applied as a poultice and leaves are used to heal sores. Stir-fried, they are eaten with large prawns to alleviate exhaustion and fatigue but with dried nga-mway-toh (Mastacembelus armatus) fish to prevent inflammation of the appendix- the same mixture is used to alleviate constipation, diarrhea and nagging stomachaches. Boiled leaves made into a salad are eaten to treat lung disease, neurological disease, ringing in the ear, earache, gastric pain and stomach-ache.
description: Medicinal uses Postcoital infertility activity - The petroleum ether and ethanol extracts of A. indica were found to have anti-implantation activity.This effect is due to some estrogenic activity as evidenced by histological studies of the uterus. Wound healing activity - Studies found that A. indica does have wound healing ability, however, it is inferior to Heliotropium indicum which has better activity and tensile strength. A. indica is a common weed while Viper russelli russelli is amongst the deadliest snakes in the world. Shirwaika et al associated the two together when they investigated the ability of the A. indica to neutralise the snake’s venom.
description: List of country West Africa, India, Indo-China, Philippines, Java, Borneo and Eastern Malaysia
creator: Acalypha indica (Linnaeus, 1753)
source: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/70248991 https://www.gbif.org/species/3056259 https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/17200 https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/5/9/5964 https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/acalypha-indica-l-105899/
publisher: Nur Athirah Roshaizi
contributor: Nur Athirah Roshaizi
language: English

Abutilon indicum
subject: Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Magnoliopsida Order :Malvales Family :Malvaceae Genus :Abutilon Species :Abutilon indicum
subject: Synonyms Abutilon albidum (Willd.) Sweet, Abutilon album Hill [Invalid], Abutilon arborescens Medik., Abutilon asiaticum (L.) Sweet, Abutilon cavaleriei H.Lév., Abutilon croizatianum Moscoso, Abutilon cunninghamii Benth., Abutilon cysticarpum Hance ex Walp., Abutilon elongatum Moench [Illegitimate], Abutilon frutescens Medik., Abutilon grandiflorum G.Don, Abutilon hirsutissimum Moench [Illegitimate], Abutilon leiospermum Griseb., Abutilon malvifolium (Benth.) J.M.Black, Abutilon populifolium (Lam.) Sweet, Abutilon pubescens (Cav.) Urb. [Illegitimate], Abutilon subpapyraceum Hochr., Abutilon vesicarium (Cav.) Sweet, Beloere cistiflora Shuttlew. ex A.Gray, Sida albida Willd., Sida asiatica L., Sida indica L., Sida populifolia Lam., Sida vesicaria Cav.
subject: Common name Bunga Kisar, Kambang Lobo, Kambong Lubok, Kembang Lohor, Kembang Lubok, Kisar, Malbar, Pokok Kembang Lohor, Country Mallow, Indian Abutilon, Indian Mallow, Moon Flower, Sunflower, Monkey Bush
description: Characteristics A shrub that can grow up to 2 m high.
description: Morphology Leaves Stalked measuring 2.5-10 cm long with 2-7.5 cm wide, ovate or orbiculate to cordate, irregularly crenate or dentate, acuminated, minutely hoary tomentose on both surfaces.
description: Flowers Orange-yellow in colour, solitary, axillary. The fruiting carpels 15-20 in number, flat-topped, forming a head, measuring 2-2.5 cm across, black and hairy.
description: Fruits Hispid, scarcely longer than the calyx and the awns are erect.
description: Seeds Three to five in number, kidney-shaped, dark brown or black in colour and tubercled or with minutely stellate hairs.
description: Chemical compound A. indicum contain gallic acid, asparagine, fructose, galactose, glucose, beta-sitosterone, vanillic acid, p-coumaric acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, caffeic acid, fumaric acid, p-β-D-glycosyloxybenzoic acid, leucine, histidine, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid and galacturonic acid, alantolactone, isoalantolactone, threonine, glutamine, serine, proline, glycine, alanine, cycteine, methionine, isoleucine, valine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, histidine, lysine, and arginine.
description: Plant part used Roots, seeds and leaves
description: Traditional uses The roots are considered diuretic and its decoction is given for all types of dysurias. The demulcent property of extracts of A. indicum is made used of in the treatment of various gastrointestinal disorders. The extract together with clrified butter treats diarrhoea and billiousness. The high fibre content of the leaves and the mucilagenous property is taken advantage of in the treatment of haemorrhoids. A decoction of the leaves is a good mouthwash for toothaches and gum ailments. Finely powdered seeds are given as a laxative. The powdered herb was used for meno-metrorrhagia. The leaves are used to treat various skin diseases including wounds and ulcers while the seeds are used for leprosy.
description: Medicinal uses Both the aqueous and alcoholic extracts of the leaves of A. indicum were found to have significant hypoglycaemic effects in normal rats 4 hours after administration. Alcoholic (methanol) leaf extract’s hypoglycaemic activity and found that the extract was able to suppress the postprandial hyperglycaemia by inhibiting a-glucosidase and sucrase activities in the intestine. Aqueous extract of A. indicum showed significant hepatoprotective activity when it was found to be able to reduce biochemical parameter changes as a result of exposure of experimental rats to CCl4 and Paracetamol. Aqueous and ethanol extracts of the leaves of A. indicum were assessed for the immunomodulatory activity using various animal models. The results showed that there were significant increases in the production of circulating antibody titre in response to sheep red blood cells, increase in both primary and secondary haemagglutination antibody, a significant potentiation of delayed type hypersensitivity reaction.
description: List of country India, China, Australia, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Seychelles, Mauritius
creator: Abutilon indicum (Sweet,1826)
source: https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/18011 https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/abutilon-indicum-l-sweet-105860/#r5 https://www.gbif.org/species/3152634 https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/1/5/1582 https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/68488522
publisher: Nur Athirah Roshaizi
contributor: Nur Athirah Roshaizi
language: English

Alpinia galanga
subject: Taxonomy Phylum: Tracheophyta Class: Liliopsida Order: Zingiberales Family: Zingiberaceae Genus: Alpinia Species: Alpinia galanga
subject: Synonyms Alpinia alba (Retz.) Roscoe, Alpinia bifida Warb, Alpinia carnea Griff, Alpinia pyramidata Blume, Alpinia rheedei Wight, Alpinia viridiflora Griff, Amomum galanga (L.) Lour, Amomum medium Lour, Galanga major Garsault [Invalid], Galanga officinalis Salisb, Hellenia alba (Retz.) Willd, Heritiera alba Retz, Languas galanga (L.) Stuntz, Languas pyramidata (Blume) Merr, Languas vulgare J.Koenig Maranta, galanga L., Zingiber galanga (L.) Stokes , Zingiber medium Stokes, Zingiber sylvestre Gaertn.
subject: Common Name Lengkuas, Puar, Lengkuas Biasa, Lengkuas Benar, Lawas, Mengkanang, Galangal, Spice Ginger, Languas , Java Galangal, Galanga, Greater Galangal
description: Characteristics A perennial herb that can grow up to 3.5 m tall and possesses a creeping rhizome. The plant grows from rhizome underneath the ground.
description: Morphology Stem Soft, watery, smooth, non-woody and green in color. Rhizome Extremely branches, 2.5-10.0 cm thick, 2.0-4.0 cm in diametre, hard, fibrous and subterete. The colour of rhizome is reddish brown externally and light orange internally. Leaves Distichous, the bottom and top part is small, oblong-lanceolate shaped measure (20-)50(-60) x (4-)9(-15) cm, sheath obviously covered with short and soft hairs at the apex, the petiole is 1-1.5 cm long and hairy, base of the leaf is cuneate and short point at apex. The upper surface of the leaf is dark green and the underneath surface is lighter green, leaf margin is wavy . The ligule present, measuring 1 cm long and truncate. Inflorescence Terminal, many flowered, erect and behave in raceme measure 10-30 cm x 5-7 cm. The bract ovate, up to 2 cm long with each of it subtending of 2-6 flowers in a cincinnus form. Flower Terminal with a large peduncle and bell shaped, measured 12 cm long, fragrant, tubular calyx with white in colour, corolla tube terete, both measured 1 cm long. The corolla has 3 oblong-lanceolate lobes measured 1.5 cm x 0.6 cm, the margin is fully ciliate, greenish white in color . Labellum spoon-shaped, 1.5-2.5 cm x 0.5-0.75 cm, white colour with purple vein, clawed, undulate crenate at the margin and the apex is recurved inwards. The staminode lateral; represent by 2 small pointed lobes at the base of labellum, 7-8 mm long, reddish in colour. Stamen one and erect, anther incurved; 2-2.5 cm long. The style is longer than the stamen, stigma obtriangular. Fruits Globose to ellipsoidal capsules in shape measuring 1-1.5 cm in diametre. The color of fruit is orange-red to wine red.
description: Chemical compound Kampheride, alpinin, galangin, methyl cinnamate, cincole, 1’-acetoxychavicol acetate, 1’-hydroxychavicol acetate, galantin-3-methyl ether, a-terpineol, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, trans-coniferyl diacetate, trans-p-courmaryl diacetate, α-bergamotene, β-bisabolene, borneol, borneol acetate, butanol acetate, campene, carveol I, carveol II, chavicol acetate, citronellol acetate, α-copaene, curcumene, ρ-cymene, ρ-cymenol, eugenol methyl ether, 1’-acetoxyeugenol acetate, trans-b-farnescene, α-humulene, limonene, myrcene, nerol acetate, pentadecane, linalool, propanol acetate, 2-methyl sabinene, santalene, β-sesquiphellandrene, γ-terpinene, terpinolene, tridecane, caryophyllene oxide, 1’hydroxycineol acetate, ρ-hydroxycinnamaldehyde, di-(ρ-hydroxy-cis-styryl)-methane, α-pinene, β-pinene, quercetin, kaempferol, quercetin-3-methyl ether, isorhamnetin and derivative of 4-allylphenol. Other constituents have been reported are methylcinnamate, cineole, camphor, pinene, 1’-acetoxychavicol acetate, 1’-acetoxyeugenol acetate, caryophyllenol I, caryophylleno II, isorhemnetic, kaemferide, galangin-3-methyl ether, eugenol, galangol, cadinene, tannin, phlobaphenes, starch, cedrol, 1,8-cineole, α-pinene, β-pinene, fatty acid methyl esters, trans-4-methoxycinnamyl alcohol, n-7-heptadecene, n-pentadecane, trans-3,4-dimethoxycinnamyl alcohol, trans-4-hydroxycinnamaldehyde, isoborneol, bornyl acetate, camphene, D3-carene, trans-β-cymene, citronellol, α-fenchene, α-fenchol, geranial, geraniol, geranyl acetate, -2-ρ-menthen-1-ol, cis-2-ρ-menthen-1-ol, cis-β-ocimene, α-phellandrene, β-phellandrene, sabinene, trans-sabinene hydrate, α-terpinene, terpinen-4-ol, neral, α-thujene, β-thujone, tricyclene, α-bergamotene, butyl acetate, chavicol, neryl acetate, citronellyl acetate, α-capaene, p-cymenol, ar-cucumene, eugenly acetate, trans-β-farnesene, methyleugenol, 2-methylpropyl acetate, pentadacane, eugenol, 1’-hydroxychavicol acetate, ρ-hydroxy-cinnamaldehyde, [di-(ρ-hydroxy-cis-sty…
description: Plant part used Leaves and rhizomes
description: Traditional uses Used as a spice for flavouring foods. It is also used as the ingredient in some herbal preparations. Young shoot and flower of this plant usually used as vegetables. Malay ethnics also use lengkuas as body lotion by boiling the leaves. The leaves are used as ingredients in afterbirth herbal bath. The poultice of the rhizomes that were mixed with vinegar is used to treat eczema. It can also be applied externally on carious teeth to relieve a toothache
description: Medicinal uses The rhizome of A. galanga has been used to treat fever, pharyngopathy, hiccups, coughs, asthma, bronchitis, headache, inflammations, rheumatoid arthritis, colic, ringworm, puerpera, gastralgia, boborygmus, purify blood, vomiting, diarrhoea, diabetes, tubercular glands, malaria and tinea, pityriasis versicolor, insanity, menstrual pain, afterbirth and desquamation of the soles and hands.
description: List of country Thailand and Southeast Asia
creator: Alpinia galanga (Linnaeus, 1762)
source: https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/alpinia-galanga-l-willd-105846/ https://www.gbif.org/species/5302225/metrics
publisher: Nur Athirah Roshaizi
contributor: Nur Athirah Roshaizi
language: English

Abelmoschus moschatus
subject: Taxonomy Phylum : Tracheophyta Class : Magnoliopsida Order : Malvales Family : Malvaceae Genus : Abelmoschus Species : Abelmoschus moschatus
subject: Synonyms Abelmoschus abelmoschus (L.), H.Karst. [Invalid], Abelmoschus betulifolia Wall., Abelmoschus chinensis Wall, Abelmoschus ciliaris Walp, Abelmoschus cryptocarpus Walp, Abelmoschus cubensis Walp, Abelmoschus cucurbitaceus Walp, Abelmoschus haenkeanus C.Presl, Abelmoschus marianus C.Presl, Abelmoschus palustris Walp, Abelmoschus pseudoabelmoschus (Blume) Walp, Abelmoschus roseus Walp, Abelmoschus sublobatus C.Presl, Hibiscus abelmoschus L., Hibiscus collinsianus Nutt. ex Torr. A. Gray, Hibiscus moschatus (Medik.) Salisb
subject: Common name Kapas Hantu, Kapas Hutan, Gandapura, Kasturi, Musk Mallow, Musk Okra, Ambrette, Mushkdana, Tropical Jewel Hibiscus
description: Characteristics An erect herb or subshrubs and usually annual or short-lived perennial reaching up to 4 m high.
description: Morphology Stems Hispid-pubescent with appressed whitish hairs to measurement about 3-4mm long, solid or hollow.
description: Leaves Hastate, grows up to 30cm long and broad, shallowly to deeply 3 to 7 lobed, the divisions deltoid to oblong lanceolate, coarsely serrate, dentate to crenate and apices acute to acuminate, rarely obtuse, leaf-bases cordate or sagittate.
description: Petiole 20cm long, stipules linear to filiform and measures to 1 cm long.
description: Flowers Solitary, bisexual, in upper axils, on apically expanded pedicels, at first, measuring 2-4 cm long, in flower; extending to 12-19 cm in fruit. The involucral bracts are 6-10 in number, linear to subulate or lanceolate, measuring 9-15 mm long and 1-2.5 mm broad, appressed, persistent in fruit. The calyx caduceus measures 1.8-3.5 cm long and 5-toothed at apex. The corolla is yellow in colour with a deep purple or crimson spot at base; petals asymmetrical, obovate, measuring 7-9 cm long, cilliate at base. The staminal column measures about 2.5-3 cm long. The capsule dry, 5-valved, thin-walled, ovoid to fusiform, apiculate, measuring 5-8 cm long and 2-3 cm broad, terete to slightly 5-angles and usually hispid are dark brown to blackish in colour.
description: Seeds Ovoid, reniform, measures 3-4 mm long, concentrically striate-pubescent, especially around the hilum, grayish-brown to black in colour, with an oily musky taste and a musky odour when rubbed
description: Chemical compound A. moschatus has been reported to contain 5-dodecenyl-acetate, 5-tetradecen-14-olide, 5-tetradecenyl-acetate, acetic-acid, alpha-cephalin, ambrettol, ambrettolic-acid, ambrettolide(=7-hexadecen-16-olide), decyl-acetate, decyl-alcohol, farnesol, fat, furfural, kaempferol, kaempferol-3-0-glucoside, methionine-sulfoxide, mucilage, myricicetin, myricicetin-3′-glucoside, myristic-acid, palmitic-acid, phosphatidyl-serine, phosphatidylcholine-plasmalogen, phosphatidylserine-plasmalogen, pineol, protein, quercetin, and quercetin-3′-glucoside
description: Plant part used Seeds, roots and leaves
description: Traditional uses A. moschatus seeds are considered antihysteric, antineurotic, antispasmodic, aphrodisiac, carminative, diuretic, litholytic, stimulant, stomachic, and tonic. The roots and leaves are made into poultices to treat boils, cystitis and fever. For the treatment of urinary discharge and gonorrhoea some use the seeds while others used a decoction of the leaves and roots.
description: Medicinal uses Myricetin isolated from the aerial part of A. moschatus has antidiabetic activity which is able to enhance utlization of glucose. Seed extracts of A. moschatus was able to prevent natural degradation of FGF-2 and maintaining the bioavailability of heparan sulphate proteoglycans for its target cells. It has skin protective activtiy which are skin biomechanical properties and reduction of wrinkles clinically.
description: List of country Peninsular Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Combodia, Laos, Vietnam
creator: Abelmoschus moschatus (Medik,1787)
source: https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/22805 https://www.gbif.org/species/8312665 https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/abelmoschus-moschatus-medik/ https://identify.plantnet.org/the-plant-list/species/Abelmoschus%20moschatus%20Medik./data
publisher: Nur Athirah Roshaizi
contributor: Nur Athirah Roshaizi
language: English