Abutilon indicum
subject: Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Magnoliopsida Order :Malvales Family :Malvaceae Genus :Abutilon Species :Abutilon indicum
subject: Synonyms Abutilon albidum (Willd.) Sweet, Abutilon album Hill [Invalid], Abutilon arborescens Medik., Abutilon asiaticum (L.) Sweet, Abutilon cavaleriei H.Lév., Abutilon croizatianum Moscoso, Abutilon cunninghamii Benth., Abutilon cysticarpum Hance ex Walp., Abutilon elongatum Moench [Illegitimate], Abutilon frutescens Medik., Abutilon grandiflorum G.Don, Abutilon hirsutissimum Moench [Illegitimate], Abutilon leiospermum Griseb., Abutilon malvifolium (Benth.) J.M.Black, Abutilon populifolium (Lam.) Sweet, Abutilon pubescens (Cav.) Urb. [Illegitimate], Abutilon subpapyraceum Hochr., Abutilon vesicarium (Cav.) Sweet, Beloere cistiflora Shuttlew. ex A.Gray, Sida albida Willd., Sida asiatica L., Sida indica L., Sida populifolia Lam., Sida vesicaria Cav.
subject: Common name Bunga Kisar, Kambang Lobo, Kambong Lubok, Kembang Lohor, Kembang Lubok, Kisar, Malbar, Pokok Kembang Lohor, Country Mallow, Indian Abutilon, Indian Mallow, Moon Flower, Sunflower, Monkey Bush
description: Characteristics A shrub that can grow up to 2 m high.
description: Morphology Leaves Stalked measuring 2.5-10 cm long with 2-7.5 cm wide, ovate or orbiculate to cordate, irregularly crenate or dentate, acuminated, minutely hoary tomentose on both surfaces.
description: Flowers Orange-yellow in colour, solitary, axillary. The fruiting carpels 15-20 in number, flat-topped, forming a head, measuring 2-2.5 cm across, black and hairy.
description: Fruits Hispid, scarcely longer than the calyx and the awns are erect.
description: Seeds Three to five in number, kidney-shaped, dark brown or black in colour and tubercled or with minutely stellate hairs.
description: Chemical compound A. indicum contain gallic acid, asparagine, fructose, galactose, glucose, beta-sitosterone, vanillic acid, p-coumaric acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, caffeic acid, fumaric acid, p-β-D-glycosyloxybenzoic acid, leucine, histidine, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid and galacturonic acid, alantolactone, isoalantolactone, threonine, glutamine, serine, proline, glycine, alanine, cycteine, methionine, isoleucine, valine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, histidine, lysine, and arginine.
description: Plant part used Roots, seeds and leaves
description: Traditional uses The roots are considered diuretic and its decoction is given for all types of dysurias. The demulcent property of extracts of A. indicum is made used of in the treatment of various gastrointestinal disorders. The extract together with clrified butter treats diarrhoea and billiousness. The high fibre content of the leaves and the mucilagenous property is taken advantage of in the treatment of haemorrhoids. A decoction of the leaves is a good mouthwash for toothaches and gum ailments. Finely powdered seeds are given as a laxative. The powdered herb was used for meno-metrorrhagia. The leaves are used to treat various skin diseases including wounds and ulcers while the seeds are used for leprosy.
description: Medicinal uses Both the aqueous and alcoholic extracts of the leaves of A. indicum were found to have significant hypoglycaemic effects in normal rats 4 hours after administration. Alcoholic (methanol) leaf extract’s hypoglycaemic activity and found that the extract was able to suppress the postprandial hyperglycaemia by inhibiting a-glucosidase and sucrase activities in the intestine. Aqueous extract of A. indicum showed significant hepatoprotective activity when it was found to be able to reduce biochemical parameter changes as a result of exposure of experimental rats to CCl4 and Paracetamol. Aqueous and ethanol extracts of the leaves of A. indicum were assessed for the immunomodulatory activity using various animal models. The results showed that there were significant increases in the production of circulating antibody titre in response to sheep red blood cells, increase in both primary and secondary haemagglutination antibody, a significant potentiation of delayed type hypersensitivity reaction.
description: List of country India, China, Australia, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Seychelles, Mauritius
creator: Abutilon indicum (Sweet,1826)
source: https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/18011 https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/abutilon-indicum-l-sweet-105860/#r5 https://www.gbif.org/species/3152634 https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/1/5/1582 https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/68488522
publisher: Nur Athirah Roshaizi
contributor: Nur Athirah Roshaizi
language: English

Acalypha indica
subject: Taxonomy Phylum : Tracheophyta Class : Magnoliopsida Order : Malpighiales Family : Euphorbiaceae Genus : Acalypha Species : Acalypha indica
subject: Synonyms Acalypha bailloniana Müll.Arg., Acalypha chinensis Benth., Acalypha cupamenii Dragend., Acalypha decidua Forssk., Acalypha fimbriata Baill., Acalypha somalensis Pax., Acalypha somalium Müll.Arg., Acalypha spicata Forssk., Cupamenis indica (L.) Raf., Ricinocarpus baillonianus (Müll.Arg.) Kuntze, Ricinocarpus deciduus (Forssk.) Kuntze, Ricinocarpus indicus (L.) Kuntze.
subject: Common name Chika mas, Kucing galak, Lis-lis, Rumput lis-lis, Rumput lislis, Tjeka mas, Indian acalypha, Indian nettle, Three-seeded mercury
description: Characteristics An erect and annual herb that can grow up to 1.5 m tall.
description: Morphology Leaves Rhombic-ovate, measure (1-)3-5(-7) cm x (1-)2.5-3(-5) cm, wedge-shaped at base, with shallowly serrate margin and petiole 2-6 cm long. Inflorescences Bisexual, solitary and with short slender male portion while the female flowers are fewer and less crowded than in A. lanceolata. They arewith broad bracts, shallowly and obtusely toothed, which are much less closely nerved and produce allomorphic female flowers at the apex. Fruit 2-2.5 mm in diametre.
description: Chemical compound Cyanogenetic glucoside, triacetonamine and quebrachitol
description: Plant part used Leaves
description: Traditional uses A mixture of the juice and that of the leaves from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica) acts as an expectorant and is given for bronchitis, diarrhea, and vomiting. Cooked leaves are eaten to alleviate asthma, hypertension, impurities in the blood and to treat various illnesses in infants. Other preparations are taken to relieve inflammation of the joints, fevers caused by chest colds and infections, asthma and a burning sensation in the windpipe. A decoction is used as an emetic to cure pleurisy, cleanse and clear breathing passages and alleviate swelling of the windpipe, as well as to cure asthma, hypertension, and skin problems caused by impurities in the blood. The juice is considered a remedy for ringworm, scabies, and rashes - a mixture of the juice and neem (Azadirachta indica) oil is used for various skin diseases that cause itching. A mixture of the leaves and castor oil is applied to relieve joint aches. Leaf juice is also used as eardrops for ear infections, earaches and other ear problems. Crushed and applied as a poultice and leaves are used to heal sores. Stir-fried, they are eaten with large prawns to alleviate exhaustion and fatigue but with dried nga-mway-toh (Mastacembelus armatus) fish to prevent inflammation of the appendix- the same mixture is used to alleviate constipation, diarrhea and nagging stomachaches. Boiled leaves made into a salad are eaten to treat lung disease, neurological disease, ringing in the ear, earache, gastric pain and stomach-ache.
description: Medicinal uses Postcoital infertility activity - The petroleum ether and ethanol extracts of A. indica were found to have anti-implantation activity.This effect is due to some estrogenic activity as evidenced by histological studies of the uterus. Wound healing activity - Studies found that A. indica does have wound healing ability, however, it is inferior to Heliotropium indicum which has better activity and tensile strength. A. indica is a common weed while Viper russelli russelli is amongst the deadliest snakes in the world. Shirwaika et al associated the two together when they investigated the ability of the A. indica to neutralise the snake’s venom.
description: List of country West Africa, India, Indo-China, Philippines, Java, Borneo and Eastern Malaysia
creator: Acalypha indica (Linnaeus, 1753)
source: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/70248991 https://www.gbif.org/species/3056259 https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/17200 https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/5/9/5964 https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/acalypha-indica-l-105899/
publisher: Nur Athirah Roshaizi
contributor: Nur Athirah Roshaizi
language: English

Achyranthes aspera
subject: Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Magnoliopsida Order :Caryophyllales Family :Amaranthaceae Genus :Achyranthes Species :Achyranthes aspera
subject: Synonyms Achyranthes acuminata E.Mey. ex Cooke & Wright, Achyranthes asperoides Pires de Lima, Achyranthes australis R.Br., Achyranthes canescens R.Br., Achyranthes daito-insularis Tawada, Achyranthes ellipticifolia Stokes, Achyranthes fruticosa Desf., Achyranthes grandifolia Moq., Achyranthes obovata Peter [Illegitimate], Achyranthes obovatifolia Stokes, Achyranthes okinawensis Tawada, Achyranthes robusta C.H.Wright, Achyranthes sicula Roth, Achyranthes tenuifolia Steud. [Invalid], Cadelaria punctata Raf., Centrostachys aspera (L.) Standl., Centrostachys australis (R.Br.) Standl., Centrostachys canescens (R.Br.) Standl., Centrostachys grandifolia (Moq.) Standl., Centrostachys indica (L.) Standl., Stachyarpagophora aspera (L.) M.Gómez
subject: Common name Ara songsang, Nyarang sunsang , Arasongsang, Nyarang songsang, Nyarang sunsang,Prickly chaff flower, Colic weed, Cow pimpler, Devils whip, Man better man, Prickly chaff-flower, Rough chaff flower, Rough chaff tree, Soldier rod, Washerman’s plant
description: Characteristics An annual to perennial herb which can grow up to 30-120 cm tall. It is with angular stem, ribbed, stiff, with thickened nodes, variably pubescent and reddish-brown.
description: Morphology Leaves Ovate-obovate or elliptical-oblong, measuring 1-10 cm x 1-5 cm, with attenuate base, with obtuse apex or acute, hairless to densely hairy and with 5-15 mm long petiole. The tepals are ovate-lance-shaped, measure 3.5-6.5 mm long, 3-veined, green, pungent in fruit and the pseudo-staminodes are with a fimbriate scale. The pericarp is oblong, about 3 mm long and dark brown. Spike Terminal and axillary, measures about 10-75 cm long, including a peduncle 0.5-15 cm long. The rachis is stiff, ribbed and more or less densely white hairy. The ovate bracts are 2-3.5 mm long, acuminate at apex, not pungent and silvery. The bracteoles are ovate, with spines 2.5-4.5 mm long, sharp, with basal wing adnate to spine which is easily detaching and measuring 1-2 mm long.
description: Chemical compound Shoot contains aliphatic dihydroxyketone, 36,47-dihydroxyhenpentacontan-4-one, tritriacontanol, essential oil, a long chain alcohol, 17-pentatriacontanol, 27-cyclohexylheptacosan-7-ol, 16-hydroxy-26-methylheptacosan-2-one, 4-methylheptatriacont-1-en-10-ol and tetracontanol-2. Ecdysterone was found in the seeds, stem, leaves and root. Chloroform extract of the stem contains pentatriacontan, 6-pentatriacontanone, hexatriacontane and triacontane. Flavonoids and alkaloids were found in the inflorescence. aerial parts has been reported to contain saponins. seeds has been reported to contain protein with amino acid contents of leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine and valine while tryptophan and sulphur amino acid (methionine and cystine) root contains oleanolic acid as the aglycone from the saponin, alkaloids but no flavonoids. powder contained high levels of manganese, magnesium, zinc, calcium and phosphorus in comparison to those of common vegetables and plants.
description: Plant part used Leaves, roots, twigs and seeds
description: Traditional uses An antipyretic, an anti-inflammatory agent, a diuretic and for the treatment of constipation, fever (especially malarial fever), bronchitis, sprains, dysentery, asthma, hypertension, diabetes and as wound dressing. The whole plant is used in the treatment of diabetes and as a blood purifier. The whole plant is dried and burnt to an ash which is then mixed with common salt and massaged onto the gums and tooth area to relieve toothache while the stem is used as a tooth brush. The crushed leaves are used as a dressing to promote blood clotting
description: Medicinal uses Leaf extracts help in thyroid hormones activity by increasing body weights, hepatic protein content and serum glucose levels. Methanol extract of A. aspera leaves (3 and 5.5 g/kg body weight, p.o.) showed anti-fertility activity, 50% ethanolic extract elicited reproductive toxicity by inhibit male reproduction ability activity by treating the reduced sperm count, reduced weight of epididymis, reduced serum testosterone and reduced testicular 3b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. Powdered whole plant of A. aspera (2, 3 & 4 g/kg) and its water and methanol extracts (at doses equivalent to 4 g/kg) caused dose-dependent reductions in blood glucose levels in normal and alloxan diabetic with acetohexamide used as the standard antidiabetic drug. The ethanolic extract of A. aspera (100 – 500 mg/kg) showed anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity The achyranthine and the entire plant showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococuss heamolyticus and Bacillus typhosus. -The cystone (400 and 500 mg/kg, p.o.) produced a significant increase in urine volume and also significantly increased sodium, potassium and calcium excretion.
description: List of country Malaysia, Australia and America
creator: Achyranthes aspera (Linnaeus, 1753)
source: https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/achyranthes-aspera-l-105989/ https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/5/9/5967
publisher: Nur Athirah Roshaizi
contributor: Nur Athirah Roshaizi
language: English

Adenanthera pavonina
subject: Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Magnoliopsida Order :Fabales Family :Fabaceae Genus :Adenanthera Species :Adenanthera pavonina
subject: Synonyms Adenanthera gersenii Scheff. Corallaria parvifolia Rumph.
subject: Common name Saga tumpul (Peninsular), Coralwood , Bean tree, Peacock tree, Circassian bean
description: Characteristics A small to medium-sized trees that can reach up to 30(-40) m tall. It is rarely shrubs.
description: Morphology Leaves Arranged spirally, bipinnate and without glands. The first 2 leaves are arranged opposite while the subsequent ones are arranged spirally. The first few leaves are pinnate while the subsequent ones are bipinnate. The leaflets are alternate and entire. The stipules are small and caducous. Inflorescence Terminal and axillary, consists of many-flowered, simple, spike-like racemes, solitary or few together. The flowers are 5-merous, small and with jointed pedicels. The sepal lobes are valvate as well as the petals. There are 10 free stamens. The ovary is superior, 1-locular and with many ovules and simple style. Fruit A strap-shaped, many-seeded pod, straight to spirally twisted and dehiscent along both sutures. Seed Red or red and black, shiny and broadly ellipsoid to broadly obovoid or orbicular. The seedling is with epigeal germination. The cotyledons are emergent and fleshy while the hypocotyl is elongated.
description: Chemical compound 1,2-diacylglycerols, 1,3-diacylglycerols, 24-epiclerosterol, 24-methyl cholesterol, beta-sitosterol, docosanoic acid, eicosanoic acid, eicosenoic acid, eicosadienoic acid, isofucosterol, lignoicerotic acid, linoleic acid, lysophosphatidylcholine, myristic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, pavonin, pentadecanoic acid, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, stearic acid, stigmasterol, sitosterol and triacylglycerols
description: Plant part used Leaves, bark and seeds
description: Traditional uses The leaves and seeds of A. pavonia had been used in the treatment of rheumatism and gout. Powdered seeds is also used for treatment of abscesses. The bark is considered a tonic while the seeds in powdered form is used in treatment of headaches.
description: Medicinal uses Methanol extract of of A. pavonia seeds was evaluated for its anti-inflammatory effects in animal models. Ethanol extract of A. pavonia leaves also has anti-inflammatory activity which could possibly be due to the presence of active constituents like β-sitosterol and stigmasterol and probably also due to the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. In the acetic acid-induced writhing in mice it was found that the methanolic extract of the seeds of A. pavonia could inhibit it. Additionally, both the early and late phase of the formalin-induced paw.
description: List of country Sri Lanka, Burma, Indo-China, Southern China, Thailand,Malesia(except for Philippines), India and Africa
creator: Adenanthera pavonina (Linnaeus,1753)
source: https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/37764546 https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/138728637 https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/100246662 https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/gallery?taxon_key=2951846 https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/adenanthera-pavonina-l-105801/
publisher: Nur Athirah Roshaizi
contributor: Nur Athirah Roshaizi
language: English

Adenostemma viscosum
subject: Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Magnoliopsida Order :Asterales Family :Asteraceae Genus :Adenostemma Species :Adenostemma viscosum
subject: Synonyms Adenostemma dregei DC., Adenostemma glutinosum DC., Adenostemma macrophyllum (Blume) DC., Adenostemma microcephalum DC., Adenostemma natalense DC., Adenostemma ovatum Miq., Adenostemma parviflorum (Blume) DC., Adenostemma perrottetii DC., Ageratum strictum Sims, Ethulia aquatica Roxb. ex DC., Lavenia glutinosa Gaudich., Lavenia macrophylla Blume, Lavenia parviflora Blume, Lavenia viscida Buch.-Ham.
subject: Common name Rumput tahi babi, Daun susu babi, Rumput pasir, Dung weed
description: Characteristics An annual or sometimes perennial herb that can reach a height of between 30-100 cm and often rooting at the lower nodes.
description: Morphology Leaves Simple where the lower leaves are opposite while the upper ones are alternate. The leaves form is broad elliptical to oblong and broadly egg-shaped and measure about 4-20 cm x 3-12 cm. The leaves base is rounded-cuneate, the apex is acute to obtuse and margins are dentate to serrate. The leaf stalk size of the lower leaves is up to 9 cm long while the upper leaves are almost stalkless. There are no stipules. Inflorescence Consisting of heads in a lax terminal paniculate corymb. The inflorescence stalk measures 1-4 cm long. The ring of its bracts is shaped like a bell or cup-shaped, it has 2-seriate, scales sub-equal, herbaceous, and more or less connate at the base. The glandular head is measures about 3-7 mm x 6-10 mm that about 30-flowered. The flowers are all tubular with petals about 1.5-2 mm long and divided into 4, on the outside with glandular hairs in white or violet. It has 5 stamens with the ovary at the inferior of it style bifid- its branches are slender and long, thickened at the top. Fruit Small, obovate-oblong in shape, irregularly triangular with measures about 2.5-4 mm x 1 mm. It is glandular when young but afterwards smooth or warty and crowned with a pappus consisting of a few clavate setae which usually thickened at the top and glandular. The seedling is with epigeal germination.
description: Chemical compound 11-Hydroxylated kauranic acids, viz, ent-11α-hydroxy-15 α -acetoxykaur-16-en-19-oic acid, ent-11α, 15 α -dihydroxykaur-16-en-19-oic acid, (l6R)-ent-11α -hydroxy-15-oxokauran-19-oic acid and ent-11α -hydroxy-15-oxokaur-16-en-10-oic acid and their glycosides.
description: Plant part used Whole plant, leaves and roots.
description: Traditional uses Leaves are boiled and rubbed on the skin to relieve itch and treat infected sores and the whole body is rubbed in case of fever. In Sabah, the leaf extract is given to prevent infections after childbirth. The leaves are chewed against dysentery, or together with those of Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. and Phyllanthus urinaria L. against colic. The leaves are used as a lotion to arrest baldness while leaves paste is used to poultice sun-burned skin, scorched and are applied to boils and ulcers to ripen them. The leaves are also used for treating palpitations, dysuria, toothache, aphthae and sore throats. A. viscosum leaves are eaten as a vegetable, but always in combination with other vegetables, because of their bitterness. The leaves are also applied to hair during washing to prevent hair falls. The leaves are taken with some salt for sore throat. A decoction of the A. viscosum root is traditionally used for stomachache. The roots are chewed alone or together with Piper betle leaves and ginger to treat cough. The roots are also chewed with a little areca nut and some lime to treat coughs.
description: List of country Pakistan, India, Japan, Southeast Asia, Australia and the Pacific Islands Tropical Africa
creator: Adenostemma viscosum ( J. R. Forst. & G. Forst.,1775)
source: https://mediaphoto.mnhn.fr/media/1589227791626AIFu2rSDigMWRBm1 https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/adenostemma-viscosum-j-r-forst-g-forst/ https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/taxonomy?taxon_key=3094604 http://www.westafricanplants.senckenberg.de/images/pictures/aste_adenostemma_viscosum_rvbli_4156_10_3688_68601d.jpg https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/39720
publisher: Nur Athirah Roshaizi
contributor: Nur Athirah Roshaizi
language: English

Ageratum conyzoides
subject: Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Magnoliopsida Order :Asterales Family :Asteraceae Genus :Ageratum Species :Ageratum conyzoides
subject: Synonyms Ageratum album Hort.Berol. ex Hornem., Ageratum album steudel [Invalid], Ageratum arsenei B.L.Rob., Ageratum brachystephanum Regel, Ageratum ciliare L., Ageratum ciliare Lour., Ageratum coeruleum Desf. [Illegitimate], Ageratum conyzoides f. album (Willd.) B.L.Rob., Ageratum conyzoides f. conyzoides, Ageratum conyzoides var. conyzoides, Ageratum conyzoides subsp. conyzoides, Ageratum conyzoides var. hirtum (Lam.) DC., Ageratum conyzoides var. inaequipaleaceum Hieron., Ageratum conyzoides f. obtusifolia (Lam.) Miq., Ageratum conyzoides var. pilosum Blume, Ageratum cordifolium Roxb., Ageratum hirsutum Lam., Ageratum hirsutum Poiret, Ageratum hirsutum Poir., Ageratum hirtum Lam. [Illegitimate], Ageratum humile Larran., Ageratum humile Salisb. [Illegitimate], Ageratum humile Larrañaga, Ageratum iltisii R.M.King & H.Rob., Ageratum latifolium Cav., Ageratum latifolium var. galapageium B.L.Rob., Ageratum latifolium var. latifolium, Ageratum microcarpum (Benth. Ex Benth.) Hemsl., Ageratum muticum Griseb., Ageratum nanum Hort. Ex Sch.Bip. [Illegitimate], Ageratum obtusifolium Lam., Ageratum odoratum Vilm., Ageratum odoratum Bailly, Ageratum suffruticosum Regel, Alomia microcarpa f. torresii Standl., Cacalia mentrasto Vell. Conc., Caelestina latifolia (Cav.) Benth. ex Oerst., Caelestina microcarpa Benth. ex Benth. [Illegitimate], Caelestina microcarpa Benth. xx Oerst., Caelestina suffruticosa Sweet [Illegitimate], Carelia brachystephana (Regel) Kuntze, Carelia conyzoides (L.) Kuntze, Carelia mutica (Griseb.) Kuntze, Eupatorium conyzoides (L.) E.H.L.Krause [Illegitimate], Eupatorium conyzoides (L.) E.H. Krause, Eupatorium paleaceum Sessé & Moc., Sparganophorus obtusifolius Lag.
subject: Common name Daun misai kuching, rumput jalang, rumput pereh jarang, rumput sekedok, sekedok, selaseh dandi, selasik dandi, senarong kambing, sianggit, tahi anjing, tahi ayam, tombok tombok jantan; oran, serak semalam, suokning (Sarawak) , Appa grass, bastard arimony, Billy-goat weed, blueweed, conyzoid floss-flower, goat weed, tropic ageratum, white dung herb, white weed
description: Characteristics An annual erect herb that sometimes is decumbent and rooting at the base. It can reach up to 120(-150) cm tall.
description: Morphology Leaves Egg-shaped, triangular-ovate or rhomboid-ovate, size (0.5-)1-10 cm x 0.5-7 cm, with obtuse or rounded base.
description: Flowering head About 4-6 mm long. The number of flowers is 60-75. The outermost ring of the bract is beset with only simple non-gland hairs while the inner bracts are with abruptly contracted apex. The petal is between 1-2.5 mm long.
description: Fruit Hairless or very sparingly hairy
description: Chemical compound Flavonoids, alkaloids, coumarins, essential oils, tannins, chromenes, benzofurans and terpenoids. The main chemicals found in the plant are: 6,7-dimethoxy-2,2-dimethylchromene, 6-demetoxyageratochromene, 6-vinyl-demethoxy-ageratochromene, ageratochromene (precocene II), α-cubebene, α -pinene, α -terpinene, β-caryophyllene, β -cubebene, β-elemene, β-farnesene, β-myrcene, β-pinene, β-selinene, β-sitosterol, cadinene, caryophyllene-oxide, conyzorigin, coumarin, dotriacontene, endo-borneol, endo-bornyl-acetate, ethyl-eugenol, ethyl-vanillin, farnesol, friedelin, HCN, hexadecenoic-acid, kaempferol, kaempferol-3,7-diglucoside, kaempferol-3-o-rhamnosylglucoside, linoleic-acid, quercetin, quercetin-3,7-diglucoside, and quercetin-3-o-rhamnosylglucoside, and 5,6,7,8,3′,4′,5′-heptamethoxyflavone. The light petroleum extract of A. conyzoides has been reported to contain friedelin, sitosterol and stigmasterol.
description: Plant part used Leaves, roots, and aerial parts
description: Traditional uses A. conyzoides is used to treat fever, rheumatism, headache, colic, wounds caused by burns, dyspepsia, eye problem, uterine disorders and pneumonia. This plant is used in folk remedies as a purgative, febrifuge, for ophthalmia, treatment of ulcers and as a wound dressing. A decoction of the plant is taken internally to treat diarrheal and to relieve pain associated with the navel in children. A. conyzoides is also used to treat prostate problems and is given to women after childbirth and for promoting menstruation.
description: Medicinal uses The wound healing properties of methanolic extracts of A. conyzoides leaves were compared to honey. Hydroalcoholic extract of A. conyzoides leaves has been reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory activity on subacute (cotton pellet-induced granuloma) and chronic (formaldehyde-induced arthritis)
description: List of country Central and South America, but now is a pantropical weed that is very common throughout India, Burma (Myanmar), Indo-China, southern China, Thailand and Malesia.
creator: Ageratum conyzoides (Linnaeus,1753)
source: https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/ageratum-conyzoides-l-l/ https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/search?taxon_key=5401673 https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/5/1/5183
publisher: Nur Athirah Roshaizi
contributor: Nur Athirah Roshaizi
language: English

Ailanthus triphysa

Alangium longiflorum

Albizia lebbeck

Albizia myriophylla
subject: Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Magnoliopsida Order :Fabales Family :Fabaceae Genus :Albizia Species :Albizia myriophylla
subject: Synonyms Albizia microphylla J.F.Macbr., Albizia myriophylla var. foliolosa Baker, Albizia thorelii Pierre, Albizia vialeana var. thorelii (Pierre) P.H.Ho, Mimosa microphylla Roxb
subject: Common name Tebu gajah, akar manis
description: Characteristics A small tree that could reach a height of 4 m.
description: Morphology Leaves Bipinnate, from 15 to 20 cm long, of bright green colour. The pinnae consist of 10 to 15 pairs. The leaflets are from 30 to 40 pairs, minute, obliquely-linear in shape and smooth. The petioles are common and partial, downy. The panicles are terminal and axillary, villous, composed of globular heads of minute greenish-yellow corollets. The bracts are subulate, villous with calyx and corolla both villous. The filaments are from 10 – 20, monodelphous. The germ is long-pediculed.
description: Legumes Thin, leafy, smooth, long, broad and obtuse-pointed, from 3 to 6-seeded measuring 15-20 cm long and rather above one broad.
description: Seeds Oval, flat, smooth in shape and light brown in colour.
description: Chemical compound Aqueous methanol (50%) extract of A. myriophylla wood has been reported to contain iminosugars (e.g. 1-deoxymannojirimycin (DMJ), 2R,5R-dihydroxymethyl-3R,4R-dihydroxypyrrolidine (DMDP), 3- O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-DMDP), 2,5-dideoxy-2,5- imino-D-glucitol, 2-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-DMJ and 4-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-DMJ). Methanol extract of A. myriophylla dried stems has been reported to contain oleanane-type triterpene saponins. Hydrolyzed and unhydrolyzed methanol (80%) extract of A. myriophylla bark powder has been reported to contain gallic acid, gentisic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, salicylic acid, quercetin acid, eugenol and kaempferol.
description: Plant part used Roots, leaves and stems
description: Traditional uses The infusion of the A. myriophylla root internally for fever. The extract of the root of A. myriophylla, cotton bush (Gossypium brasiliense), rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) and an Euginia together with the ferns Stenochlaena palustris and Lypodium flexuosum. The boiled leaves as a lotion to treat ear ache by applying on the head.
description: Medicinal uses Methanol extract of A.myriophylla stem showed broad antifungal activity against six pathogenic Candida species: C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. guilliermondii, C. krusei, C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis.
description: List of country India, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam and Malaysia.
creator: Albizia myriophylla(Benth.,1844)
source: https://www.gbif.org/species/2973009 https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/albizia-myriophylla-benth/
publisher: Nur Athirah Roshaizi
contributor: Nur Athirah Roshaizi
language: English

Alchornea rugosa

Aleurites moluccanus
subject: Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Magnoliopsida Order :Malpghiales Family : Euphorbiaceae Genus :Aleurites Species :Aleurites moluccanus
subject: Synonyms Aleurites ambinux Pers., Aleurites angustifolius Vieill. ex Guillaumin, Aleurites angustifolius Vieill., Aleurites commutatus Geiseler, Aleurites cordifolius (Gaertn.) Steud., Aleurites integrifolius Vieill. ex Guillaumin, Aleurites integrifolius Vieill., Aleurites javanicus Gand., Aleurites lanceolatus Blanco, Aleurites lobatus Blanco, Aleurites pentaphyllus Wall. [Invalid], Aleurites remyi Sherff, Aleurites trilobus J.R.Forst. & G.Forst., Camerium moluccanum (L.) Kuntze, Camirium cordifolium Gaertn., Camirium oleosum Reinw. ex Blume, Dryandra oleifera Lam., Jatropha moluccana L., Mallotus moluccanus (L.) Müll.Arg., Manihot moluccana (L.) Crantz, Ricinus dicoccus Roxb., Rottlera moluccana (L.) Scheff., Telopea perspicua Sol. ex Seem.
subject: Common name Kemiri, kembiri, buah keras, Candlenut tree, Indian walnut, lumbang tree
description: Characteristics A large, evergreen, monoecious tree, which can grow up to 10-40 m tall, with heavy, irregular and large-leafed crown that appears whitish or frosted from a distance due to a cover of white star-shaped hairs especially on the young parts.
description: Morphology Leaves Arranged alternate and simple. The stipules are small and early caducous. The petiole is up to 30 cm long and bears a pair of small and green-brown glands at the top on the upper side. The blade in young trees and suckers are subcircular in outline, measures up to 30 cm in diametre, with a cordate base and 3-5 triangular lobes. The blade in adult trees are ovate-triangular or ovate-oblong, measuring 12-23 cm x 6-12 cm, with entire or slightly sinuate margin, pointed at apex, curved and drooping and dark green with a silvery gloss.
description: Inflorescence 10-20 cm long, thyrsoid and terminal or upper-axillary. The flowers are unisexual, borne on a small pedicel and white. The female flowers terminate the ultimate branchlets of the cymes while the male flowers are much more numerous, smaller, open earlier and arranged around the female flowers in bunches. The sepal is 2-3-lobed at the anthesis. There are 5 lance-shaped petals which are 6-7 mm long in male flowers and 9-10 mm in female ones. There are 5 disk glands. The male flowers are with 10-20 stamens, arranged in 3-4 series with the outer ones free and the inner ones connate whereas the female flowers are 2-4-locular, with hairy ovary and 2-4 deeply bipartite styles.
description: Fruit Drupaceous, laterally compressed, ovoid-spherical and 2-seeded or semi spherical and 1-seeded, measuring 5-6 cm x 4-7 cm, hairy, indehiscent and olive-green with whitish flesh. The seed is compressed-spherical and measures up to 3 cm x 3 cm. The endocarp is thick, bony and rough while the albumen is thick and rich in oil.
description: Chemical compound (3α,5β,10α)-13-methoxypodocarpa-8,11,13-triene-3,12-diol, (5β,10α)-12,13-dihydroxypodocarpa-8,11,13-trien-3-one, (5β,10α)-12-hydroxy-13-methoxypodocarpa-8,11,13-trien-3-one, (5β,10α)-13-hydroxy-12-methoxypodocarpa-8,11,13-trien-3-one;2-O-rhamnosylswertisin, 5,6,7-trimethoxycoumarin, 6,7-dimethoxycoumarin, 6,7-dehydromoluccanic acid, 12-hydroxy-13-methylpodocarpa-8,11,13-trien-3-one, 13-O-myristyl-20-O-acetyl-12-deoxyphorbol, acetil, aleuritolic acid, ascorbic-acid, β-carotene, β-sitostenone, calcium, carbohydrates, ent-3α-hydroxypimara-8(14),15-dien-12-one, ent-3β,14α-hydroxypimara-7,9(11),15-triene-12-one, hentriacontane, linoleic-acid, linolenic-acid, moluccanic acid, moluccanic acid methyl ester, moluccanin, oleic-acid, phosphorus, swertisin, tannin, thiamine and spruceanol.
description: Plant part used Seeds
description: Traditional uses Treat stomach and bowel disorders in children, asthma, bad breath, skin sores or ulcers, swollen womb and rejuvenation of the body after poisoning. Fresh leaves of A. moluccana are used in poultices for swelling, deep bruises, and other ailments where local concentration of heat and sweating is desired. The boiled leaves are applied externally to treat headaches and gonorrhoea
description: Medicinal uses Methanol extract of A. molaccana leaves had been demonstrated to have lipid-lowering effects in a dose of 300 mg/kg body weight A. moluccana extract was found to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
description: List of country India and China, throughout Southeast Asia, to Polynesia and New Zealand.
creator: Aleurites moluccanus (Linnaeus,1753)
source: https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/aleurites-moluccanus-l-willd/ https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/searchcontinent=ASIA&taxon_key=4930679 https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/66870
publisher: Nur Athirah Roshaizi
contributor: Nur Athirah Roshaizi
language: English

Allamanda cathartica
subject: Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Magnoliopsida Order :Gentianales Family :Apocynaceae Genus :Allamanda Species :Allamanda cathartica
subject: Synonyms Allamanda aubletii Pohl, Allamanda chelsonii K.Koch [Invalid], Allamanda grandiflora (Aubl.) Lam. [Illegitimate], Allamanda hendersonii W.Bull ex Dombrain, Allamanda latifolia C.Presl, Allamanda linnaei Pohl, Allamanda schottii Hook. [Illegitimate], Allamanda wardleyana Lebas, Allamanda williamsii auct., Echites salicifolius Willd. ex Roem. & Schult., Echites verticillatus Sessé & Moc., Orelia grandiflora Aubl. [Illegitimate].
subject: Common name Akar chempaka hutan, akar chempaka kuning, bunga akar kuning, Allamanda, buttercup, common allamanda, golden trumpet vine, golden trumpet, yellow allamanda, yellow bell, cherries jubilee allamanda
description: Characteristics A climbing shrub with sticky, white latex. It can grow up to 50m in length.
description: Morphology Leaves Dark-green in colour, tapering at the base with acute drip tip. Length up to 15 cm and are arranged in whorls at the nodes.
description: Flowers Bell-shaped, brilliant yellow in colour, 5-lobed and measures up to 10 cm long.
description: Fruits Rarely seen, 7cm, bristly seedpod that splits open to release the flat, brown and winged seeds.
description: Plant part used Leaves and latex
description: Traditional uses Decoction of the A. cathartica leaves has been used as a purgative or emetic. White latex of A. cathartica was once used to treat worm infestation but the practice has been stopped because of the vomiting and diarrhoea it caused. A steaming infusion is used to relieve coughs and headaches by allowing the patient to breathe in the vapour. A. cathartica has been planted and introduce globally as an ornamental plant.
description: List of country Brazil
creator: Allamanda cathartica (Linnaeus,1753)
source: https://www.gbif.org/species/3169836 https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/allamanda-cathartica-l/ https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/1/3/1303
publisher: Nur Athirah Roshaizi
contributor: Nur Athirah Roshaizi
language: English

Allium cepa
subject: Taxonomy Phylum :Magnoliophyta Class :Liliopsida Order :Asparagales Family :Amarylidaceae Genus :Allium Species :Allium cepa
subject: Synonyms Allium cepa var aggregatum G.Don, Allium angolense Baker, Allium aobanum Araki, Allium ascalonicum auct., Allium cepaeum St.-Lag., Allium commune Noronha, Allium cumaria Buch.-Ham. ex Wall. [Invalid], Allium esculentum Salisb., Allium napus Pall. ex Kunth, Allium nigritanum A.Chev. [Invalid], Allium pauciflorum Willd. ex Ledeb., Allium salota Dostál, Ascalonicum sativum P.Renault, Cepa alba P.Renault, Cepa esculenta Gray, Cepa pallens P.Renault, Cepa rubra P.Renault, Cepa vulgaris Garsault [Invalid], Kepa esculenta Raf., Porrum cepa (L.) Rchb.
subject: Common name Bawang merah, bawang kecil, bawang besar, onion, common onion, shallot onion
description: Characteristics A biennial herb that is grown as an annual and up to 100 cm tall.
description: Morphology Leaves Semiterete form, solid at first but later becoming hollow and pale bluish-green. Margin is terete. It is often inflated and hollow in the middle or in the lower part.
description: Inflorescence Up to 2000 flowers. The tepals are greenish-white to purplish. The stamens are sometimes slightly exceeding tepals and style shorter than stamens at anthesis.
description: Fruit 4-6 mm in diametre and containing up to 6 seeds. The size of seeds is about 3 mm x 2 mm.
description: Plant part used Fruits and leaves
description: Traditional uses The bulb is used as an ingredient in various hearty warm dishes. They are used raw in cold salads, pickling, cooking and frying. Used in the treatment of flatulence, dysentery, and as a stimulant, diuretic and expectorant. Sweet and hot with some heating and diuretic properties The onion is used to control flatulence, phlegm, fever and cough. Seed is to increase vitality, onion seeds are crushed and ingested.
description: Medicinal uses The bulb cure diuretic An extract of the dried plant was found to have a potent and prolonged hypoclycemic effect on artificially induced diabetes.
description: List of country South-East Asia, Philippines, Papua New Guinea and Thailand
creator: Allium cepa (Linnaeus,1753)
source: https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/allium-cepa-l-r/ https://www.gbif.org/species/2857697 https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/5/9/5931 http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:527795-1
publisher: Nur Athirah Roshaizi
contributor: Nur Athirah Roshaizi
language: English

Allium tuberosum
subject: Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Liliopsida Order :Asparagales Family :Amarylidaceae Genus :Allium Species :Allium tuberosum
subject: Synonyms Allium angulosum Lour. [Illegitimate], Allium argyi H.Lév., Allium chinense Maxim. [Illegitimate], Allium clarkei Hook.f., Allium roxburghii Kunth, Allium sulvia Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don, Allium tricoccum Blanco, Allium tuberosum Roxb. [Illegitimate], Allium tuberosum f. yezoense (Nakai) M.Hiroe, Allium uliginosum G.Don, Allium yesoense Nakai, Allium yezoense Nakai, Nothoscordum sulvia (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) Kunth
subject: Common name Bawang kuchai, fragrant- flowered garlic, sweet leek, chinese chives
description: Characteristics A perennial herb which forms dense clumps. It is 20-40 cm tall with a prominently spreading rhizome from where thick, long and persistent roots emerge.
description: Morphology Leaves Have 4-9 foliage which are distichous, linear, measuring 13-45 cm x 2-10 mm, flat above, slightly keeled below, not folded lengthwise and suberect or curved. There is 1 peduncle that arises from ground. It is com­pressed, with 2 longitudinal ribs, up to 50 cm long and solid.
description: Inflorescence 3-5 cm in diameter, umbellate, many-flowered and without bulbils. The spathe is short, per­sistent and opens with 1-3 valves. The pedicels are 14-35 mm long and subequal.
description: Flowers White, widely opened, star-like and slightly fragrant. The tepals are oblong to ovate and measure 6 mm x 3 mm. The stamens and pistil are up to the length of the tepals.
description: Fruit Obovoid, measures 5-6 mm long and wide.
description: Seed Irregularly depressed spherical, measures 3-4 mm long and black.
description: List of country China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Nepal, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand and United States.
creator: Allium tuberosum (Rottler ex Spreng,1825)
source: https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/allium-tuberosum-rottler-ex-spreng-r/ https://www.gbif.org/species/2856297
publisher: Nur Athirah Roshaizi
contributor: Nur Athirah Roshaizi
language: English

Allomorphia malaccensis
subject: Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Magnoliopsida Order :Myrtales Family :Melastomataceae Genus :Oxyspora Species :Allomorphia malaccensis
subject: Common name Keduduk gajah, senduduk gajah, tengkuk biawak, pakan rimba, panghong, endebi, lidah buaya, senduduk hutan, keduduk hutan, kayu kadok gajah.
description: Characteristics A shrub which can grow up to 6 feet tall.
description: Morphology Leaves Ovate-acuminate with the base usually rounded or very shortly narrow and they measures 25cm long and 15cm wide and their petioles are 7.5-10cm long. There are 5 nerves which are prominent below.
description: Flowers In small cymes, small, yellowish-green or white in colour. The calyx is goblet shaped measures 0.25cm long and lobes are triangular in shape. The petals are oblong-ovate.
description: Capsules Urn-shaped and ribbed.
description: Plant part used Leaves and roots
description: Traditional uses Used to treat leprosy and parturition (child birth). Decoction of the roots given to treat arthralgia in the elderly. The same decoction was given to women after delivery. Leprosy was treated using plant probably in the form of a poultice.
description: List of country Malaysia
creator: Allomorphia malaccensis (Ridl.,1918)
source: https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/allomorphia-malaccensis-ridl/ https://www.gbif.org/species/3859938
publisher: Nur Athirah Roshaizi
contributor: Nur Athirah Roshaizi
language: English

Alocasia macrorrhizos
subject: Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Liliopsida Order :Alismatales Family :Araceae Genus :Alocasia Species :Alocasia macrorrhizos
subject: Synonyms Alocasia cordifolia (Bory) Cordem., Alocasia grandis N.E.Br. [Illegitimate], Alocasia indica (Lour.) Spach, Alocasia marginata N.E.Br., Alocasia metallica Schott, Alocasia montana (Roxb.) Schott, Alocasia pallida K.Koch & C.D.Bouché, Alocasia plumbea Van Houtte, Alocasia rapiformis (Roxb.) Schott, Alocasia uhinkii Engl. & K.Krause, Alocasia variegata K.Koch & C.D.Bouché, Arum cordifolium Bory, Arum indicum Lour., Arum macrorrhizon L., Arum montanum Roxb., Arum mucronatum Lam., Arum peregrinum L., Arum rapiforme Roxb., Caladium indicum K.Koch [Invalid], Caladium macrorrhizon (L.) R.Br., Caladium metallicum Engl., Caladium odoratum Lodd., Caladium plumbeum K.Koch [Invalid], Calla badian Blanco, Calla maxima Blanco, Colocasia boryi Kunth, Colocasia indica (Lour.) Kunth, Colocasia macrorrhizos (L.) Schott, Colocasia montana (Roxb.) Kunth, Colocasia mucronata (Lam.) Kunth, Colocasia peregrina (L.) Raf., Colocasia rapiformis (Roxb.) Kunth, Philodendron peregrinum (L.) Kunth, Philodendron punctatum Kunth
subject: Common name Birah negeri, keladi sebaring, keladi sebarang, birah, giant taro, giant alocasia, elephant ear , large taro, roasting coco , Australian cabbage, bg-rooted taro, Indomalayan alocasia, kopeh root, Kuanyin lotus, spoon lily, taro, wild coco, wild taro
description: Characteristics A very large herb that can reach up to 400 cm tall with erect or decumbent stem.
description: Morphology Leaves Not peltate with a size of 80 cm x 60 cm. The petiole is up to 130 cm long but not mottled. The spadix is 13-20 cm long.
description: Plant part used Leaves, tuber and roots
description: Traditional uses Leaves are traditionally used as astringent, styptic and antitumour. The root and leaf is used as rubefacient. A decoction of the leaf and stem is used in a bath for treatment of skin conditions like itching and burns. A poultice of the fresh leaves helps in improving circulation, prevent bursting and reduce pain attributed to varicose veins. The steamed oiled leaves can help relieve rheumatic pains by applied around painful joints overnight. Toasted, powdered leave speed up wound healing. A. macrorrhiza tuber is used to treat influenza, high fever and malaria, diarrhoea, typhoid fever, rheumatic, pulmonary tuberculosis and tuberculous lymphadenopathy, headache, abscesses, ringworm, leucorrhoea, and venomous bites of snakes, dogs and insects. It can be eaten after being put through a detoxifying process where the oxalate content is eliminated. The process of detoxifying can be apply by soaked the slice of tuber in water for 7 days with the water being changed daily. This is then dried and ready for use. A. macrorrhiza rootstock is considered mild laxative and diuretic and been used in inflammations and diseases of the abdomen and spleen. It also has used in the treatment of scorpion sting amongst the Indian traditional practitioners.
description: Medicinal uses It was found that the edible parts of A. macrorrhiza exhibit potent antioxidant activity and this is especially seen in the diethyl ether extract. Another study showed that the hydroalcoholic extract of the leaves showed potent antioxidant activities as demonstrated in various antioxidant models of screening. Ethanol extract of A. indica leaves possesses potent antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities in a dose dependent manner. This is probably attributed to the antioxidant activities detected in this extract. Hydroalcoholic extracts of A. indica leaves administrated orally was found to effectively inhibit CCl4 and paracetamol induced liver damage. A. macrorrhiza tuber was found to contain a trypsin/chymotrypsin inhibitor specifically inhibited human trypsin but not human chymotrypsin. The lectin of A. macrorrhiza was found to have mitogenic potentials towards human peripheral blood lymphocytes. The lectins were found to be T-cell mitogens and do not indue DNA synthesis in B-enriched lymphocytes. The proliferation kinetic studies showed maximum incorporation on day 3 and the mitogenic response was inhibited by asialofetuin in a dose dependent manner.
description: List of country Malaysia and Oceania
creator: Alocasia macrorrhizos (Linnaeus,1753)
source: https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/alocasia-macrorrhizos-l-g-don-105813/ https://www.gbif.org/species/5329904
publisher: Nur Athirah Roshaizi
contributor: Nur Athirah Roshaizi
language: English

Alpinia malaccensis

Alpinia mutica

Alpinia rafflesiana