Taxonomy Phylum : Tracheophyta Class : Magnoliopsida Order : Malvales Family : Malvaceae Genus : Abelmoschus Species : Abelmoschus moschatus
Synonyms Abelmoschus abelmoschus (L.), H.Karst. [Invalid], Abelmoschus betulifolia Wall., Abelmoschus chinensis Wall, Abelmoschus ciliaris Walp, Abelmoschus cryptocarpus Walp, Abelmoschus cubensis Walp, Abelmoschus cucurbitaceus Walp, Abelmoschus haenkeanus C.Presl, Abelmoschus marianus C.Presl, Abelmoschus palustris Walp, Abelmoschus pseudoabelmoschus (Blume) Walp, Abelmoschus roseus Walp, Abelmoschus sublobatus C.Presl, Hibiscus abelmoschus L., Hibiscus collinsianus Nutt. ex Torr. A. Gray, Hibiscus moschatus (Medik.) Salisb
Common name Kapas Hantu, Kapas Hutan, Gandapura, Kasturi, Musk Mallow, Musk Okra, Ambrette, Mushkdana, Tropical Jewel Hibiscus
Characteristics An erect herb or subshrubs and usually annual or short-lived perennial reaching up to 4 m high.
Morphology Stems Hispid-pubescent with appressed whitish hairs to measurement about 3-4mm long, solid or hollow.
Leaves Hastate, grows up to 30cm long and broad, shallowly to deeply 3 to 7 lobed, the divisions deltoid to oblong lanceolate, coarsely serrate, dentate to crenate and apices acute to acuminate, rarely obtuse, leaf-bases cordate or sagittate.
Petiole 20cm long, stipules linear to filiform and measures to 1 cm long.
Flowers Solitary, bisexual, in upper axils, on apically expanded pedicels, at first, measuring 2-4 cm long, in flower; extending to 12-19 cm in fruit. The involucral bracts are 6-10 in number, linear to subulate or lanceolate, measuring 9-15 mm long and 1-2.5 mm broad, appressed, persistent in fruit. The calyx caduceus measures 1.8-3.5 cm long and 5-toothed at apex. The corolla is yellow in colour with a deep purple or crimson spot at base; petals asymmetrical, obovate, measuring 7-9 cm long, cilliate at base. The staminal column measures about 2.5-3 cm long. The capsule dry, 5-valved, thin-walled, ovoid to fusiform, apiculate, measuring 5-8 cm long and 2-3 cm broad, terete to slightly 5-angles and usually hispid are dark brown to blackish in colour.
Seeds Ovoid, reniform, measures 3-4 mm long, concentrically striate-pubescent, especially around the hilum, grayish-brown to black in colour, with an oily musky taste and a musky odour when rubbed
Chemical compound A. moschatus has been reported to contain 5-dodecenyl-acetate, 5-tetradecen-14-olide, 5-tetradecenyl-acetate, acetic-acid, alpha-cephalin, ambrettol, ambrettolic-acid, ambrettolide(=7-hexadecen-16-olide), decyl-acetate, decyl-alcohol, farnesol, fat, furfural, kaempferol, kaempferol-3-0-glucoside, methionine-sulfoxide, mucilage, myricicetin, myricicetin-3′-glucoside, myristic-acid, palmitic-acid, phosphatidyl-serine, phosphatidylcholine-plasmalogen, phosphatidylserine-plasmalogen, pineol, protein, quercetin, and quercetin-3′-glucoside
Plant part used Seeds, roots and leaves
Traditional uses A. moschatus seeds are considered antihysteric, antineurotic, antispasmodic, aphrodisiac, carminative, diuretic, litholytic, stimulant, stomachic, and tonic. The roots and leaves are made into poultices to treat boils, cystitis and fever. For the treatment of urinary discharge and gonorrhoea some use the seeds while others used a decoction of the leaves and roots.
Medicinal uses Myricetin isolated from the aerial part of A. moschatus has antidiabetic activity which is able to enhance utlization of glucose. Seed extracts of A. moschatus was able to prevent natural degradation of FGF-2 and maintaining the bioavailability of heparan sulphate proteoglycans for its target cells. It has skin protective activtiy which are skin biomechanical properties and reduction of wrinkles clinically.
List of country Peninsular Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Combodia, Laos, Vietnam
Abelmoschus moschatus (Medik,1787)
https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/22805 https://www.gbif.org/species/8312665 https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/abelmoschus-moschatus-medik/ https://identify.plantnet.org/the-plant-list/species/Abelmoschus%20moschatus%20Medik./data
Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Magnoliopsida Order :Malvales Family :Malvaceae Genus :Abutilon Species :Abutilon indicum
Synonyms Abutilon albidum (Willd.) Sweet, Abutilon album Hill [Invalid], Abutilon arborescens Medik., Abutilon asiaticum (L.) Sweet, Abutilon cavaleriei H.Lév., Abutilon croizatianum Moscoso, Abutilon cunninghamii Benth., Abutilon cysticarpum Hance ex Walp., Abutilon elongatum Moench [Illegitimate], Abutilon frutescens Medik., Abutilon grandiflorum G.Don, Abutilon hirsutissimum Moench [Illegitimate], Abutilon leiospermum Griseb., Abutilon malvifolium (Benth.) J.M.Black, Abutilon populifolium (Lam.) Sweet, Abutilon pubescens (Cav.) Urb. [Illegitimate], Abutilon subpapyraceum Hochr., Abutilon vesicarium (Cav.) Sweet, Beloere cistiflora Shuttlew. ex A.Gray, Sida albida Willd., Sida asiatica L., Sida indica L., Sida populifolia Lam., Sida vesicaria Cav.
Common name Bunga Kisar, Kambang Lobo, Kambong Lubok, Kembang Lohor, Kembang Lubok, Kisar, Malbar, Pokok Kembang Lohor, Country Mallow, Indian Abutilon, Indian Mallow, Moon Flower, Sunflower, Monkey Bush
Characteristics A shrub that can grow up to 2 m high.
Morphology Leaves Stalked measuring 2.5-10 cm long with 2-7.5 cm wide, ovate or orbiculate to cordate, irregularly crenate or dentate, acuminated, minutely hoary tomentose on both surfaces.
Flowers Orange-yellow in colour, solitary, axillary. The fruiting carpels 15-20 in number, flat-topped, forming a head, measuring 2-2.5 cm across, black and hairy.
Fruits Hispid, scarcely longer than the calyx and the awns are erect.
Seeds Three to five in number, kidney-shaped, dark brown or black in colour and tubercled or with minutely stellate hairs.
Chemical compound A. indicum contain gallic acid, asparagine, fructose, galactose, glucose, beta-sitosterone, vanillic acid, p-coumaric acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, caffeic acid, fumaric acid, p-β-D-glycosyloxybenzoic acid, leucine, histidine, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid and galacturonic acid, alantolactone, isoalantolactone, threonine, glutamine, serine, proline, glycine, alanine, cycteine, methionine, isoleucine, valine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, histidine, lysine, and arginine.
Plant part used Roots, seeds and leaves
Traditional uses The roots are considered diuretic and its decoction is given for all types of dysurias. The demulcent property of extracts of A. indicum is made used of in the treatment of various gastrointestinal disorders. The extract together with clrified butter treats diarrhoea and billiousness. The high fibre content of the leaves and the mucilagenous property is taken advantage of in the treatment of haemorrhoids. A decoction of the leaves is a good mouthwash for toothaches and gum ailments. Finely powdered seeds are given as a laxative. The powdered herb was used for meno-metrorrhagia. The leaves are used to treat various skin diseases including wounds and ulcers while the seeds are used for leprosy.
Medicinal uses Both the aqueous and alcoholic extracts of the leaves of A. indicum were found to have significant hypoglycaemic effects in normal rats 4 hours after administration. Alcoholic (methanol) leaf extract’s hypoglycaemic activity and found that the extract was able to suppress the postprandial hyperglycaemia by inhibiting a-glucosidase and sucrase activities in the intestine. Aqueous extract of A. indicum showed significant hepatoprotective activity when it was found to be able to reduce biochemical parameter changes as a result of exposure of experimental rats to CCl4 and Paracetamol. Aqueous and ethanol extracts of the leaves of A. indicum were assessed for the immunomodulatory activity using various animal models. The results showed that there were significant increases in the production of circulating antibody titre in response to sheep red blood cells, increase in both primary and secondary haemagglutination antibody, a significant potentiation of delayed type hypersensitivity reaction.
List of country India, China, Australia, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Seychelles, Mauritius
Abutilon indicum (Sweet,1826)
https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/18011 https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/abutilon-indicum-l-sweet-105860/#r5 https://www.gbif.org/species/3152634 https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/1/5/1582 https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/68488522
Taxonomy Phylum : Tracheophyta Class : Magnoliopsida Order : Malpighiales Family : Euphorbiaceae Genus : Acalypha Species : Acalypha indica
Synonyms Acalypha bailloniana Müll.Arg., Acalypha chinensis Benth., Acalypha cupamenii Dragend., Acalypha decidua Forssk., Acalypha fimbriata Baill., Acalypha somalensis Pax., Acalypha somalium Müll.Arg., Acalypha spicata Forssk., Cupamenis indica (L.) Raf., Ricinocarpus baillonianus (Müll.Arg.) Kuntze, Ricinocarpus deciduus (Forssk.) Kuntze, Ricinocarpus indicus (L.) Kuntze.
Common name Chika mas, Kucing galak, Lis-lis, Rumput lis-lis, Rumput lislis, Tjeka mas, Indian acalypha, Indian nettle, Three-seeded mercury
Characteristics An erect and annual herb that can grow up to 1.5 m tall.
Morphology Leaves Rhombic-ovate, measure (1-)3-5(-7) cm x (1-)2.5-3(-5) cm, wedge-shaped at base, with shallowly serrate margin and petiole 2-6 cm long. Inflorescences Bisexual, solitary and with short slender male portion while the female flowers are fewer and less crowded than in A. lanceolata. They arewith broad bracts, shallowly and obtusely toothed, which are much less closely nerved and produce allomorphic female flowers at the apex. Fruit 2-2.5 mm in diametre.
Chemical compound Cyanogenetic glucoside, triacetonamine and quebrachitol
Plant part used Leaves
Traditional uses A mixture of the juice and that of the leaves from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica) acts as an expectorant and is given for bronchitis, diarrhea, and vomiting. Cooked leaves are eaten to alleviate asthma, hypertension, impurities in the blood and to treat various illnesses in infants. Other preparations are taken to relieve inflammation of the joints, fevers caused by chest colds and infections, asthma and a burning sensation in the windpipe. A decoction is used as an emetic to cure pleurisy, cleanse and clear breathing passages and alleviate swelling of the windpipe, as well as to cure asthma, hypertension, and skin problems caused by impurities in the blood. The juice is considered a remedy for ringworm, scabies, and rashes - a mixture of the juice and neem (Azadirachta indica) oil is used for various skin diseases that cause itching. A mixture of the leaves and castor oil is applied to relieve joint aches. Leaf juice is also used as eardrops for ear infections, earaches and other ear problems. Crushed and applied as a poultice and leaves are used to heal sores. Stir-fried, they are eaten with large prawns to alleviate exhaustion and fatigue but with dried nga-mway-toh (Mastacembelus armatus) fish to prevent inflammation of the appendix- the same mixture is used to alleviate constipation, diarrhea and nagging stomachaches. Boiled leaves made into a salad are eaten to treat lung disease, neurological disease, ringing in the ear, earache, gastric pain and stomach-ache.
Medicinal uses Postcoital infertility activity - The petroleum ether and ethanol extracts of A. indica were found to have anti-implantation activity.This effect is due to some estrogenic activity as evidenced by histological studies of the uterus. Wound healing activity - Studies found that A. indica does have wound healing ability, however, it is inferior to Heliotropium indicum which has better activity and tensile strength. A. indica is a common weed while Viper russelli russelli is amongst the deadliest snakes in the world. Shirwaika et al associated the two together when they investigated the ability of the A. indica to neutralise the snake’s venom.
List of country West Africa, India, Indo-China, Philippines, Java, Borneo and Eastern Malaysia
Acalypha indica (Linnaeus, 1753)
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/70248991 https://www.gbif.org/species/3056259 https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/17200 https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/5/9/5964 https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/acalypha-indica-l-105899/
Acanthus ebracteatus
Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Magnoliopsida Order :Lamiales Family :Acanthaceae Genus :Acanthus Species :Acanthus ebracteatus
Synonyms Acanthus ilicifolius Lour. [Illegitimate], Acanthus ilicifolius var. ebracteatus (Vahl) Benoist, Dilivaria ebracteata (Vahl) Pers.
Common name Beruju, Jeruju, Jeruju hitam, Gerige, Holly-leaved mangrove, Sea holly
Characteristics An erect herbaceous plant which can grow up to 1 m tall with woody material only seen in older branches.
Morphology Stem Green to dark brown to black colour and is armed with numerous spines. It can grow up to 1.5-2m tall. Leaves Oblong and with a size of measuring 12-20 cm x 3-5 cm. The leaf blade being dark green, stiff and deeply lobed. The apex of the lobes each has a sharp spine. Flowers In terminal or axillary spikes of about 10 cm long with several flowers. The bracts are ovate and 0.6cm long while the bracteoles are absent. Corolla usually white in colour but there are varieties with pale blue colour. The lip is 2.5cm long and 1.5cm wide, white entirely or with cobalt blue tip and yellowish central keel, elliptic-oblong. The stamens are pink. Spike up to 10 cm long, many-flowered, ovate bracts which are measures 6-8 mm long. The sepal lobes are ovate in shape. The petal lobe is elliptical-oblong, measuring 2.5 cm x 2 cm, white and rarely bluish in colour. Fruit A square-shaped capsule, which explodes when ripe and projecting the seeds measure up to 2 m from the plant. Seeds Off-white and flat.
Chemical compound benzoxazinoid glucosides (such as 7-chloro-(2R)-2-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one, (2R)-2-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-5-hydroxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one), galactose, 3-O-methylgalactose, arabinose, galacturonic acid and rhamnose.
Plant part used Leaves, fruits, seeds, stems and roots
Traditional uses The leaves of A. ebracteatus are being used to treat inflammatory conditions like rheumatism. The seeds on the other hand are highly regarded as a remedy for persistent boils. Pounded and mixed with water, it would render the person free of boils for a year for each seed taken. In addition, the seeds are used to treat intestinal worms. For snakebites, the Malays often advocate the use of the roots as an immediate remedy. The same is used to treat effects of other animal toxins. It is generally known amongst the inhabitants of mangroves that the juices of the leaves are good for preventing hair loss. The roots are used to treat herpes zoster. A cough mixture is made from the seeds together with flowers of Averrhoa and black sugar cane, cinnamon and rock sugar.
Medicinal uses Various extracts of A. ebracteatus were found to be able to inhibit chemical mutagenesis by inhibiting enzyme activities necessary for the activation of indirect mutagens/carcinogens. The aqueous extract could reduce the production of eicosanoid. A. ebracteatus has good antimicrobial activity against nosocomial pathogen and skin infection bacteria at low concentrations.
List of country Peninsular Malaysia, Indonesia and Australia
Acanthus ebracteatus (Vahl,1791)
https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/acanthus-ebracteatus-vahl-106076/ https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/9204 https://www.gbif.org/species/5415454 https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/1/5/1594 https://inaturali...457/original.jpeg
Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Magnoliopsida Order :Asterales Family :Asteraceae Genus :Ageratum Species :Ageratum houstanianum
Ageratum houstonianum (Mill,1768)
Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Magnoliopsida Order :Sapindales Family :Meliaceae Genus :Aglaia Species :Aglaia odorata
Synonyms Opilia odorata (Lour.) Spreng., Camunium chinense Roxb., Aglaia sinensis Pierre, Aglaia repoeuensis Pierre, Aglaia pentaphylla Kurz, Aglaia oblanceolata Craib, Aglaia duperreana Pierre, Aglaia chaudocensis Pierre
Common name Chulan, pokok telur belangkas (Peninsular) , Chinese rice-flower , Chinese perfume plant, chuln tree, mock lemon, mock lime, orchid tree
Characteristics A shrub or small tree that can reach up to 10 m tall.
Morphology Leaflets 3-5(-7), opposite and with 5-9 pairs of secondary veins. They are usually smooth and hairless or occasionally with few yellowish-brown stellate scales with a fringed margin below.
Flowers 5-merous, 5 anthers, style-head ovoid or narrowly ovoid, longitudinally ridged and with 2 small apical lobes.
Fruit Indehiscent with 1-locular.
Chemical compound (1R,3E,7E,10S,11S,12R)-dolabella-3,7-dien-10,18-diol, (1R,3S,7E,11S,12R)-dolabella-4(16),7-dien-3,18-diol, (1R,7E,11S,12R)-18-hydroxydolabella-4(16),7-dien-3-one, (1R,3S,4S,7E,11S,12R)-3,4-epoxydolabella-7-en-18-ol, (1R,3R,7E,11S,12R)-dolabella-4(16),7,18-trien-3-ol, 5′-epi-odorine, 21,25-cyclodammar-20(22)-ene-3β,24α-diol, aglaiastatin, α-humulene, aminopyrrolidine-diamides, β-elemene, β-humulene-7-ol, caryophyllene, copaene, ethyl linolenate, ethyl palmitate, germacrene D, methyl jasmonate, odorine, odorino, pyrimidinone, and rocaglaol.
Plant part used Leaves, roots and flowers
Traditional uses Decoction of the A. odorata leaves is a remedy for diarrhoea and also to treat excessive menstruation. The flowers are also used to treat cough, vertigo, and to ease childbirth . It also applied to body of women after childbirth . The dried flowers and buds are used to scent tea. Leaves and roots are reported used to reduce fever, relieve chest or respiratory tract disorders, for convulsion and consumed as a tonic.
Medicinal uses Crithidia shares a variety of biochemical mechanisms with the genera Leishmania and Trypasoma and has been used to assess anti-protozoal activity. It was found that extracts of the leaves of A. odorata was able to inhibit Crithidia providing evidence that it may have similar activity against Leishmania and Trypasoma A. odorata extracts were found to have the following effects of Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 (HSV-1): inhibition of plaque formation of HSV-1; effective against thymidine kinase-deficient HSV-1 and phosphonoacetate-resistant HSV-1 strains; and limit development of skin lesion. A number of bifurans isolated from A. odorata were found to be active against three plant pathogens i.e. Pyricularia grisea, Fusarium avenaceum and Alternaria citri. Of these the most active was found to be rocaglaol. -A. odorata contains a number of compounds with cytotoxic activity. Odorine and 5’-epi-odorine were found to inhibit the growth of vinblastine-resistant KB cells by enhancing the anticancer activity of vinblastine.
List of country Burma (Myanmar), Cambodia, Vietnam, Hainan (China) and Thailand; possibly in Laos and the Moluccas. It is also cultivated in India, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and Java.
Aglaia odorata (Lour.,1790)
https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/aglaia-odorata-lour-105809/ https://www.gbif.org/species/5597349
Albizia myriophylla
Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Magnoliopsida Order :Fabales Family :Fabaceae Genus :Albizia Species :Albizia myriophylla
Synonyms Albizia microphylla J.F.Macbr., Albizia myriophylla var. foliolosa Baker, Albizia thorelii Pierre, Albizia vialeana var. thorelii (Pierre) P.H.Ho, Mimosa microphylla Roxb
Common name Tebu gajah, akar manis
Characteristics A small tree that could reach a height of 4 m.
Morphology Leaves Bipinnate, from 15 to 20 cm long, of bright green colour. The pinnae consist of 10 to 15 pairs. The leaflets are from 30 to 40 pairs, minute, obliquely-linear in shape and smooth. The petioles are common and partial, downy. The panicles are terminal and axillary, villous, composed of globular heads of minute greenish-yellow corollets. The bracts are subulate, villous with calyx and corolla both villous. The filaments are from 10 – 20, monodelphous. The germ is long-pediculed.
Legumes Thin, leafy, smooth, long, broad and obtuse-pointed, from 3 to 6-seeded measuring 15-20 cm long and rather above one broad.
Seeds Oval, flat, smooth in shape and light brown in colour.
Chemical compound Aqueous methanol (50%) extract of A. myriophylla wood has been reported to contain iminosugars (e.g. 1-deoxymannojirimycin (DMJ), 2R,5R-dihydroxymethyl-3R,4R-dihydroxypyrrolidine (DMDP), 3- O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-DMDP), 2,5-dideoxy-2,5- imino-D-glucitol, 2-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-DMJ and 4-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-DMJ). Methanol extract of A. myriophylla dried stems has been reported to contain oleanane-type triterpene saponins. Hydrolyzed and unhydrolyzed methanol (80%) extract of A. myriophylla bark powder has been reported to contain gallic acid, gentisic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, salicylic acid, quercetin acid, eugenol and kaempferol.
Plant part used Roots, leaves and stems
Traditional uses The infusion of the A. myriophylla root internally for fever. The extract of the root of A. myriophylla, cotton bush (Gossypium brasiliense), rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) and an Euginia together with the ferns Stenochlaena palustris and Lypodium flexuosum. The boiled leaves as a lotion to treat ear ache by applying on the head.
Medicinal uses Methanol extract of A.myriophylla stem showed broad antifungal activity against six pathogenic Candida species: C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. guilliermondii, C. krusei, C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis.
List of country India, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam and Malaysia.
Albizia myriophylla(Benth.,1844)
https://www.gbif.org/species/2973009 https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/albizia-myriophylla-benth/
Taxonomy Phylum :Magnoliophyta Class :Liliopsida Order :Asparagales Family :Amarylidaceae Genus :Allium Species :Allium cepa
Synonyms Allium cepa var aggregatum G.Don, Allium angolense Baker, Allium aobanum Araki, Allium ascalonicum auct., Allium cepaeum St.-Lag., Allium commune Noronha, Allium cumaria Buch.-Ham. ex Wall. [Invalid], Allium esculentum Salisb., Allium napus Pall. ex Kunth, Allium nigritanum A.Chev. [Invalid], Allium pauciflorum Willd. ex Ledeb., Allium salota Dostál, Ascalonicum sativum P.Renault, Cepa alba P.Renault, Cepa esculenta Gray, Cepa pallens P.Renault, Cepa rubra P.Renault, Cepa vulgaris Garsault [Invalid], Kepa esculenta Raf., Porrum cepa (L.) Rchb.
Common name Bawang merah, bawang kecil, bawang besar, onion, common onion, shallot onion
Characteristics A biennial herb that is grown as an annual and up to 100 cm tall.
Morphology Leaves Semiterete form, solid at first but later becoming hollow and pale bluish-green. Margin is terete. It is often inflated and hollow in the middle or in the lower part.
Inflorescence Up to 2000 flowers. The tepals are greenish-white to purplish. The stamens are sometimes slightly exceeding tepals and style shorter than stamens at anthesis.
Fruit 4-6 mm in diametre and containing up to 6 seeds. The size of seeds is about 3 mm x 2 mm.
Plant part used Fruits and leaves
Traditional uses The bulb is used as an ingredient in various hearty warm dishes. They are used raw in cold salads, pickling, cooking and frying. Used in the treatment of flatulence, dysentery, and as a stimulant, diuretic and expectorant. Sweet and hot with some heating and diuretic properties The onion is used to control flatulence, phlegm, fever and cough. Seed is to increase vitality, onion seeds are crushed and ingested.
Medicinal uses The bulb cure diuretic An extract of the dried plant was found to have a potent and prolonged hypoclycemic effect on artificially induced diabetes.
List of country South-East Asia, Philippines, Papua New Guinea and Thailand
Allium cepa (Linnaeus,1753)
https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/allium-cepa-l-r/ https://www.gbif.org/species/2857697 https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/5/9/5931 http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:527795-1
Allomorphia bullata
Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Magnoliopsida Order :Myrtales Family :Melastomataceae Genus :Oxyspora Species :Allomorphia bullata
Synonyms Allomorphia bullata (Griff.) Cogn., Allomorphia malaccensis Ridl.
Common name Senduduk Gajah, Senduduk Hutan, Sijam, Keduduk Gajah, Pakan Rimba, Greater Allomorphia
Characteristics A half-shrub or shrub that can grow up to 180 cm tall. The branches are obtusely quadrangular.
Morphology Leaves Egg-shaped or egg-shaped-oblong which size up to 25 cm x 15 cm.
Inflorescence Large with many flowers
Fruit Urn-shaped
Traditional uses Can cure itchness especially from the wild plants. The decoction of leaves can drink as a tonic for giving energy to body.
List of country Indo-China, southern China, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and northern Borneo.
Allomorphia bullata (Cogn,1891)
https://www.gbif.org/species/3860117 https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/allomorphia-bullata-cogn/ http://www.natureloveyou.sg/Allomorphia%20bullata/Main.html https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/4256
Anacardium occidentale
Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Magnoliopsida Order :Sapindales Family :Anacardiaceae Genus :Anacardium Species :Anacardium occidentale
Synonyms Acajuba occidentalis (L.) Gaertn., Anacardium microcarpum Ducke, Cassuvium pomiferum Lam., Cassuvium reniforme Blanco, Cassuvium solitarium Stokes
Common name Gajus, jambu monyet , gajus,jambu golok, jambu mede, kajus, janggus, kanjus, janggar, jambu terong, bunga kekasar, jambu irong, ketereh, cashew, cashew nut
Anacardium occidentale (Linnaeus, 1753)
Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Liliopsida Order :Poales Family :Bromeliaceae Genus :Ananas Species :Ananas comosus
Synonyms Ananas ananas (L.) H.Karst. ex Voss [Invalid], Ananas argentata J.C.Wendl. ex Schult. & Schult.f., Ananas aurata J.C.Wendl. ex Schult. & Schult.f., Ananas bracteatus Baker, Ananas coccineus Descourt., Ananas debilis Schult. & Schult.f., Ananas lyman-smithii Camargo [Invalid], Ananas maxima Schult. & Schult.f., Ananas monstrosus (Carrière) L.B.Sm., Ananas ovatus Mill., Ananas pancheanus André, Ananas penangensis Baker, Ananas porteanus Veitch ex K.Koch, Ananas pyramidalis Mill., Ananas sativus Schult. & Schult.f., Ananas serotinus Mill., Ananas viridis Mill., Ananassa ananas (L.) H.Karst., Ananassa debilis Lindl., Ananassa monstrosa Carrière, Ananassa porteana (Veitch ex K.Koch) Carrière, Ananassa sativa (Schult. & Schult.f.) Lindl. ex Beer, Bromelia ananas L., Bromelia communis Lam., Bromelia comosa L., Bromelia edulis Salisb. [Illegitimate], Bromelia mai-pouri Perrier, Bromelia pigna Perrier, Bromelia rubra Schult. & Schult.f., Bromelia violacea Schult. & Schult.f., Bromelia viridis (Mill.) Schult. & Schult.f., Distiacanthus communis (Lam.) Rojas Acosta.
Common name Nanas, nanas pager, nanas hijau, pineapple, ananas, rain tree
Ananas comosus (Linnaeus,1753)
Angelica sinensis (Diels.,1900)
Artemisia abrotanum
Taxonomy Phylum : Tracheophyta Class : Magnoliopsida Order : Asterales Family : Asteraceae Genus : Artemisia Species : Artemisia abrotanum
Synonyms Artemisia altissima Ehrh. ex DC, Artemisia anethifolia Fisch. ex DC, Artemisia elatior Klokov, Artemisia elegans Fisch. ex Ledeb, Artemisia foeniculacea Steven ex DC, Artemisia herbacea Ehrh. ex Willd, Artemisia herbacea DC, Artemisia herbacea hort.wratisl. ex Besser, Artemisia paniculata Lam, Artemisia procera Willd, Artemisia proceriformis Krasch, Artemisia tenuissima Spreng. ex Besser
Common name Lady’s love, old man storenwood, Oldman wormwood, Southernwood, European sage
Characteristics A perennial undershrub which can reach a height of up to 1 m.
Morphology Leaves Alternate on a long footstalk, irregularly double pinnate which the pinnae is linear, concave on the upper surface and convex below. It is tomentose and of a pale green colour. Flowers Compound of a greenish yellow colour and produced on-flowered peduncles in axillary spikes at the extremities of the branches. Seeds Naked and solitary.
Chemical compound The essential oil from herbs of A. abrotanum contains mainly piperitone, davanone, 1,8-cineole, silphiperfol-5-en-3-ol A, and germacrene D. Other composition includes, 2E-hexanal, α-thujene, α-pinene, camphene, sabinene, β-pinene, myrcene, dehydro-1.8-cineole, α-phellandrene, α-terpinene, o-cymene, 1.8-cineole, benzene acetaldehyde, γ-terpinene, cis-sabenene hydrate, terpinolene, p-cymenene, linalool, trans-sabinene hydrate, nonanal, cis-p-menth-2-en-1-ol, z-myroxide, camphor, menthone, sabina ketone, σ-terpineol, borneol, terpinen-4-ol, cryptone, cis-piperitol, trans-piperitol, trans-carveol, piperitone and terpnen-4-ol acetate.
Plant part used Leaves and branches
Traditional uses A. abrotanum for indications such as an anti-inflammatory or spasmolytic, to clear respiratory passages and facilitate breathing. While the branches, are used to make yellow dye for wool. It also encourage beards to grow and also was made into hair pomade
Medicinal uses The leaves of A. abrotanum are used internally to improve digestion and liver function, encourage menstrual flow and stimulate the uterus, lower fever, relax spasms and destroy intestinal worms.
Artemisia abrotanum(Linnaeus,1753)
https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/artemisia-abrotanum-l/ https://www.gbif.org/species/8042568 https://phytochem.nal.usda.gov/phytochem/plants/show/186?et=
Taxonomy Phylum : Tracheophyta Class : Magnoliopsida Order : Piperales Family : Aristolochiaceae Genus : Asarum Species : Asarum canadense
Synonyms Asarum acuminatum (Ashe) E.P.Bicknell, Asarum ambiguum (E.P.Bicknell) Daniels, Asarum carolinianum Walter, Asarum furcatum Raf., Asarum latifolium Salisb., Asarum medium Raf., Asarum parvifolium Raf., Asarum reflexum E.P.Bicknell, Asarum rubrocinctum Peattie, Asarum villosum Muhl. ex Duch., Asarum ypsilantennse Walpole.
Common name Canada snakeroot, Canadian snakeroot oil, Canadian wild ginger, colic root, Indian ginger, Vermont snakeroot, wild ginger, wild ginger oil, American wild ginger
Characteristics A herbaceous perennial is hairy, especially the petioles and calyx.
Morphology Leaves Cordate-rotund to cordatereniform, mostly 8-12 cm wide at anthesis and larger at maturity. Flowers Solitary, red-brown in colout and 2-4 cm. They are short peduncled and arising between the pair of leaves. Fruit Capsular and opening irregularly. Seeds Large, ovoid, and wrinkled. Rhizome Produces annually a pair of petiolate, broad, hairy leaves and these are deciduous at the end of the season.
Chemical compound A. canadense has been reported to contain methyl eugenol, (E)-isoelemicin, hydrocarbon monoterpenes, (Z)-3-hexenol, trans-pinocarveol, (Z)-isoelemicin, oplopanone. Other chemical includes, methyleugenol, linalyl acetate, geraniol, linalool, limonene, a-terpineol, bornyl acetate, aristolone, elemicin, 2,3,4, 5-tetramethoxyallylbenzene and 2, 4-dimethoxycinnamaldehyde.
Plant part used Root, rhizomes and leaves
Traditional uses A. canadense has been used by several Native American tribes for a variety of conditions including gastrointestinal complaints, colds and fevers or dermatological ailment. In Indian tribes, the Rappahannocks steeped the leaves to reduce fever in typhoid. In addition to treating various kinds of digestive disorders, the rhizome has been used to both season and improve the edibility of meats and fish. Ojibwa tribes use a warm poultice of wild ginger and spikenard, covered with cloth and bound with fitted cedar splints for the treatment of fractured arm. Decoction of boiled root and rhizomes were used for an oral contraceptive.
Medicinal uses Applications and uses of the plant for treating upper respiratory infections. A. canadense was not only useful as a diaphoretic, but also as a stimulant to the immune system. Typically infusions of the seed or rhizome were used to ease menstrual discomfort or to initiate menstruation in women with irregular periods.
List of country New Brunswick and Quebec to Ontario and Minnesota, south to North Carolina, northern Alabama and northern Louisiana.
Asarum canadense(Linnaeus,1753)
https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/asarum-canadense-l/ https://www.gbif.org/species/2873947
Taxonomy Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Order : Rodentia Family : Sciuridae Genus : Aeromys Species : Aeromys tephromelas
Common Name Black Flying Squirrel Tupai Terbang Hitam (Malay) Black Giant Flying Squirrel (English) Large Black Flying Squirrel (English)
Morphology/ physical description Its dorsal fur is dark brown to black, and the underside is dark brown to dark grey. The head is small and the tail long. Flying Squirrels possess a supple skin flap which extends from the length of the body to all four feet
Habitat and Ecology inhabit both primary and secondary forests in the lowlands and foothills of mountains in Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo. Large trees provide potential nesting cavities for this nocturnal species. Because they have been found near human villages in Malaysia.
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Data deficient
Ecosystem role they may disperse seeds, pollinate flowers, or spread fungal spores
Economic importance Because so little is known about black flying squirrels, no conclusive economic benefits are listed for this species
Aeromys tephromelas (Günther, 1873)
https://www.ecologyasia.com/verts/mammals/large-black-flying-squirrel.htm https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Aeromys_tephromelas/ https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Aeromys_tephromelas/ https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Aeromys_tephromelas/#economic_importance_positive
Taxonomy Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Order : Rodentia Family : Sciuridae Genus : Aeromys Species : Aeromys thomasi
Common name/ vernacular name Thomas's Flying Squirrel Thomas’s Giant Flying Squirrel (English)
Morphology/ physical description Its fur is reddish-brown to dark brown, with no markings to speak of : it is this plain appearance which distinguishes it from other large flying squirrels.
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Least Concern
Taxonomy Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Order : Chiroptera Family : Pteropodidae Genus : Aethalops Species : Aethalops aequalis
Common Name/ Vernacular Name Borneo Fruit Bat Cecadu Borneo (Malay)
Morphology and Physical Description Borneo fruit bats have grey-brown to dark reddish-brown fur that is thick and long on the dorsal surface, with paler coloring on their ventral side. Their most distinctive characteristic is their teeth; by the equal length of their upper and lower incisors.
Ecosystem role There is little information on the ecosystem roles of Borneo fruit bats, although other fruit bats play a large role in pollination and seed dispersal.
Economic importance Although this species is typically found in mountainous habitats that are not used for agriculture, Borneo fruit bats may aid in pollination of economically important crops.
Aethalops aequalis G.M.Allen, 1938
https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Aethalops_aequalis/ https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Aethalops_aequalis/#ecosystem_roles https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Aethalops_aequalis/#economic_importance_positive
Taxonomy Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Order : Chiroptera Family : Pteropodidae Genus : Aethalops Species : Aethalops alecto
Common Name Pygmy Fruit Bat (English) Cecadu Bukit (Malay) Grey Fruit Bat (English)
Aethalops alecto (Thomas, 1923)
Aleurites moluccanus
Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Magnoliopsida Order :Malpghiales Family : Euphorbiaceae Genus :Aleurites Species :Aleurites moluccanus
Synonyms Aleurites ambinux Pers., Aleurites angustifolius Vieill. ex Guillaumin, Aleurites angustifolius Vieill., Aleurites commutatus Geiseler, Aleurites cordifolius (Gaertn.) Steud., Aleurites integrifolius Vieill. ex Guillaumin, Aleurites integrifolius Vieill., Aleurites javanicus Gand., Aleurites lanceolatus Blanco, Aleurites lobatus Blanco, Aleurites pentaphyllus Wall. [Invalid], Aleurites remyi Sherff, Aleurites trilobus J.R.Forst. & G.Forst., Camerium moluccanum (L.) Kuntze, Camirium cordifolium Gaertn., Camirium oleosum Reinw. ex Blume, Dryandra oleifera Lam., Jatropha moluccana L., Mallotus moluccanus (L.) Müll.Arg., Manihot moluccana (L.) Crantz, Ricinus dicoccus Roxb., Rottlera moluccana (L.) Scheff., Telopea perspicua Sol. ex Seem.
Common name Kemiri, kembiri, buah keras, Candlenut tree, Indian walnut, lumbang tree
Characteristics A large, evergreen, monoecious tree, which can grow up to 10-40 m tall, with heavy, irregular and large-leafed crown that appears whitish or frosted from a distance due to a cover of white star-shaped hairs especially on the young parts.
Morphology Leaves Arranged alternate and simple. The stipules are small and early caducous. The petiole is up to 30 cm long and bears a pair of small and green-brown glands at the top on the upper side. The blade in young trees and suckers are subcircular in outline, measures up to 30 cm in diametre, with a cordate base and 3-5 triangular lobes. The blade in adult trees are ovate-triangular or ovate-oblong, measuring 12-23 cm x 6-12 cm, with entire or slightly sinuate margin, pointed at apex, curved and drooping and dark green with a silvery gloss.
Inflorescence 10-20 cm long, thyrsoid and terminal or upper-axillary. The flowers are unisexual, borne on a small pedicel and white. The female flowers terminate the ultimate branchlets of the cymes while the male flowers are much more numerous, smaller, open earlier and arranged around the female flowers in bunches. The sepal is 2-3-lobed at the anthesis. There are 5 lance-shaped petals which are 6-7 mm long in male flowers and 9-10 mm in female ones. There are 5 disk glands. The male flowers are with 10-20 stamens, arranged in 3-4 series with the outer ones free and the inner ones connate whereas the female flowers are 2-4-locular, with hairy ovary and 2-4 deeply bipartite styles.
Fruit Drupaceous, laterally compressed, ovoid-spherical and 2-seeded or semi spherical and 1-seeded, measuring 5-6 cm x 4-7 cm, hairy, indehiscent and olive-green with whitish flesh. The seed is compressed-spherical and measures up to 3 cm x 3 cm. The endocarp is thick, bony and rough while the albumen is thick and rich in oil.
Chemical compound (3α,5β,10α)-13-methoxypodocarpa-8,11,13-triene-3,12-diol, (5β,10α)-12,13-dihydroxypodocarpa-8,11,13-trien-3-one, (5β,10α)-12-hydroxy-13-methoxypodocarpa-8,11,13-trien-3-one, (5β,10α)-13-hydroxy-12-methoxypodocarpa-8,11,13-trien-3-one;2-O-rhamnosylswertisin, 5,6,7-trimethoxycoumarin, 6,7-dimethoxycoumarin, 6,7-dehydromoluccanic acid, 12-hydroxy-13-methylpodocarpa-8,11,13-trien-3-one, 13-O-myristyl-20-O-acetyl-12-deoxyphorbol, acetil, aleuritolic acid, ascorbic-acid, β-carotene, β-sitostenone, calcium, carbohydrates, ent-3α-hydroxypimara-8(14),15-dien-12-one, ent-3β,14α-hydroxypimara-7,9(11),15-triene-12-one, hentriacontane, linoleic-acid, linolenic-acid, moluccanic acid, moluccanic acid methyl ester, moluccanin, oleic-acid, phosphorus, swertisin, tannin, thiamine and spruceanol.
Plant part used Seeds
Traditional uses Treat stomach and bowel disorders in children, asthma, bad breath, skin sores or ulcers, swollen womb and rejuvenation of the body after poisoning. Fresh leaves of A. moluccana are used in poultices for swelling, deep bruises, and other ailments where local concentration of heat and sweating is desired. The boiled leaves are applied externally to treat headaches and gonorrhoea
Medicinal uses Methanol extract of A. molaccana leaves had been demonstrated to have lipid-lowering effects in a dose of 300 mg/kg body weight A. moluccana extract was found to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
List of country India and China, throughout Southeast Asia, to Polynesia and New Zealand.
Aleurites moluccanus (Linnaeus,1753)
https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/aleurites-moluccanus-l-willd/ https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/searchcontinent=ASIA&taxon_key=4930679 https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/66870
Alocasia macrorrhizos
Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Liliopsida Order :Alismatales Family :Araceae Genus :Alocasia Species :Alocasia macrorrhizos
Synonyms Alocasia cordifolia (Bory) Cordem., Alocasia grandis N.E.Br. [Illegitimate], Alocasia indica (Lour.) Spach, Alocasia marginata N.E.Br., Alocasia metallica Schott, Alocasia montana (Roxb.) Schott, Alocasia pallida K.Koch & C.D.Bouché, Alocasia plumbea Van Houtte, Alocasia rapiformis (Roxb.) Schott, Alocasia uhinkii Engl. & K.Krause, Alocasia variegata K.Koch & C.D.Bouché, Arum cordifolium Bory, Arum indicum Lour., Arum macrorrhizon L., Arum montanum Roxb., Arum mucronatum Lam., Arum peregrinum L., Arum rapiforme Roxb., Caladium indicum K.Koch [Invalid], Caladium macrorrhizon (L.) R.Br., Caladium metallicum Engl., Caladium odoratum Lodd., Caladium plumbeum K.Koch [Invalid], Calla badian Blanco, Calla maxima Blanco, Colocasia boryi Kunth, Colocasia indica (Lour.) Kunth, Colocasia macrorrhizos (L.) Schott, Colocasia montana (Roxb.) Kunth, Colocasia mucronata (Lam.) Kunth, Colocasia peregrina (L.) Raf., Colocasia rapiformis (Roxb.) Kunth, Philodendron peregrinum (L.) Kunth, Philodendron punctatum Kunth
Common name Birah negeri, keladi sebaring, keladi sebarang, birah, giant taro, giant alocasia, elephant ear , large taro, roasting coco , Australian cabbage, bg-rooted taro, Indomalayan alocasia, kopeh root, Kuanyin lotus, spoon lily, taro, wild coco, wild taro
Characteristics A very large herb that can reach up to 400 cm tall with erect or decumbent stem.
Morphology Leaves Not peltate with a size of 80 cm x 60 cm. The petiole is up to 130 cm long but not mottled. The spadix is 13-20 cm long.
Plant part used Leaves, tuber and roots
Traditional uses Leaves are traditionally used as astringent, styptic and antitumour. The root and leaf is used as rubefacient. A decoction of the leaf and stem is used in a bath for treatment of skin conditions like itching and burns. A poultice of the fresh leaves helps in improving circulation, prevent bursting and reduce pain attributed to varicose veins. The steamed oiled leaves can help relieve rheumatic pains by applied around painful joints overnight. Toasted, powdered leave speed up wound healing. A. macrorrhiza tuber is used to treat influenza, high fever and malaria, diarrhoea, typhoid fever, rheumatic, pulmonary tuberculosis and tuberculous lymphadenopathy, headache, abscesses, ringworm, leucorrhoea, and venomous bites of snakes, dogs and insects. It can be eaten after being put through a detoxifying process where the oxalate content is eliminated. The process of detoxifying can be apply by soaked the slice of tuber in water for 7 days with the water being changed daily. This is then dried and ready for use. A. macrorrhiza rootstock is considered mild laxative and diuretic and been used in inflammations and diseases of the abdomen and spleen. It also has used in the treatment of scorpion sting amongst the Indian traditional practitioners.
Medicinal uses It was found that the edible parts of A. macrorrhiza exhibit potent antioxidant activity and this is especially seen in the diethyl ether extract. Another study showed that the hydroalcoholic extract of the leaves showed potent antioxidant activities as demonstrated in various antioxidant models of screening. Ethanol extract of A. indica leaves possesses potent antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities in a dose dependent manner. This is probably attributed to the antioxidant activities detected in this extract. Hydroalcoholic extracts of A. indica leaves administrated orally was found to effectively inhibit CCl4 and paracetamol induced liver damage. A. macrorrhiza tuber was found to contain a trypsin/chymotrypsin inhibitor specifically inhibited human trypsin but not human chymotrypsin. The lectin of A. macrorrhiza was found to have mitogenic potentials towards human peripheral blood lymphocytes. The lectins were found to be T-cell mitogens and do not indue DNA synthesis in B-enriched lymphocytes. The proliferation kinetic studies showed maximum incorporation on day 3 and the mitogenic response was inhibited by asialofetuin in a dose dependent manner.
List of country Malaysia and Oceania
Alocasia macrorrhizos (Linnaeus,1753)
https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/alocasia-macrorrhizos-l-g-don-105813/ https://www.gbif.org/species/5329904