Taxonomy Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Family : Vespertilionidae Genus : Nyctalus Species : Nyctalus noctula
Common Name/ Vernacular Name Common Noctule Bat
Morphology and Physical Description Colors range from golden to dark brown above and usually pale brown below. Head and body length is 50-100 mm, tail length is 35-65 mm, and forearm length is 40-70 mm.
Habitat and Ecology A powerful flier. It dives steeply to catch large flying insects such as crickets and chafers, using echolocation to track them. It also forages on insects that are attracted to light or are found over rubbish dumps.
Economic Importance Noctule bats have been infected in the laboratory with the plague-causing bacteria Yersinia (=Pasteurella), which points to some pathological implications for humans. They may also be a source of transmission for Borrelia recurrentis (a bacteria causing relapsing fever in humans), when humans are parasitized by ticks and body lice that have previously parasitized the bats.
Species status/ Threats Roosts are lost with building renovations, habitat loss and pesticides use. Wind turbines are dangerous for the migration of the species.
List of Country Europe, Asia
Type locality France
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Least concern
Nyctalus noctula (Schreber, 1774)
https://www.mammaldiversity.org/explore.html#species-id=1005607 https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Nyctalus_noctula/ https://batslife.eu/item/nyctalus-noctula/ https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Nyctalus_noctula/#economic_importance_negative https://batslife.eu/item/nyctalus-noctula/
Taxonomy Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Order :Pholidota Family : Manidae Genus : Manis Species :Manis Javanica
Common Name Sunda Pangolin, Malayan or Javan Pangolin, Tenggiling (Malay),Pengguling (Malay)
Morphology and Physical Description Its body is covered by rows of scales which are formed by a compressed, fibrous hair-like material. The belly, however, lack scales and the animal thus protects its soft underparts by rolling into a ball when feeling threatened.
Habitat and Ecology up to 200000 ants can be eaten in one meal., powerful claws enable this species to dig into ant hills and tear open termite mounds. The sharp- edged scales protect against predators.
Economic Importance Malayan pangolins are hunted for their skins, scales, and meat. Their parts are used for medicinal purposes.
Ecosystem Role Scaly anteaters may be important in controlling insect populations. It is estimated that an adult pangolin may consume about 70 million insects annually.
https://www.ecologyasia.com/verts/mammals/sunda-pangolin.htm https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Manis_javanica/ https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Manis_javanica/#economic_importance_negative https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Manis_javanica/#ecosystem_roles
Taxonomy Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Order : Scandentia Family : Tupaiidae Genus : Tupaia Species : Tupaia glis
Common Name/ Vernacular Name Kenchong (Malay) Kencong (Malay) Malaysian Tree Shrew (English) Tupai Moncong Besar (Malay) Common treeshrew
Morphology and Physical Description Tupaia glis has an average body weight of 142 grams, a head and body length of 19.5 cm and tail length of 16.5 cm. Its pelage is dense and dark brown on the dorsal region of the body and orange-rufous ventrally.
Habitat and Ecology It is usually solitary, feeding on a variety of foods including insects and other athropods, fruits, seeds and buds. They spend much time on the ground, on fallen logs or in low bushes and readily climb the tree. Common treeshrews are active during the day, and forage for food alone or in pairs, mainly on the ground, among shrubs and tree holes.
Economic Importance Tupaia glis does not seem to have affected human economies beneficially. Tupaia glis is not even hunted by the local people as it is considered unpleasant to eat. However, T. glis has shown to be very important in research on evolution of primates.
Species status/ Threats threatened due to deforestation, plantation and logging. Human also hunting them for food and sport
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Least Concern
Ecosystem Role There is little reported in the literature on the impact that T. glis has on its environment. Some possible roles that T. glis may play in its ecosystem are as a seed disperser or population control of certain insect species.
https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Tupaia_glis/#physical_description https://www.thainationalparks.com/species/common-treeshrew https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Tupaia_glis/#economic_importance_positive https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Tupaia_glis/#ecosystem_roles
Taxonomy Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Order : Eulipotyphla Family : Soricidae Genus : Suncus Species : Suncus etruscus
Common Name/ Vernacular Name Etruscan shrew, Etruscan pygmy shrew, white-toothed pygmy shrew, Cencurut Terkecil (Malay)
Morphology and Physical Description The Etruscan shrew has a body length of about 4 cm excluding the tail. It is characterized by very rapid movements and a fast metabolism, eating about 1.5–2 times its own body weight per day.These shrews prefer warm and damp climates and are widely distributed in the belt between 10° and 30°N latitude stretching from Europe and North Africa up to Malaysia.
Habitat and Ecology Living on a diet of small insects, this species hunt actively for a few hours and then rests throuhout the day and night. it relies on it speed to hunt prey that is slower than itself. it also scavenge on dead insects.
Economic Importance The importance of Suncus etruscus to humans in not known, aside from their importance as members of healthy ecosystems.
Ecosystem Role Shrews are food for predators such as owls, and probably play a large role in controlling insect populations.
Suncus etruscus (Savi, 1822)
https://www.thainationalparks.com/species/etruscan-shrew https://animalia.bio/etruscan-shrew https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Suncus_etruscus/#economic_importance_positive https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Suncus_etruscus/#ecosystem_roles
Taxonomy Phylum : Tracheophyta Class : Magnoliopsida Order : Malvales Family : Malvaceae Genus : Abelmoschus Species : Abelmoschus moschatus
Synonyms Abelmoschus abelmoschus (L.), H.Karst. [Invalid], Abelmoschus betulifolia Wall., Abelmoschus chinensis Wall, Abelmoschus ciliaris Walp, Abelmoschus cryptocarpus Walp, Abelmoschus cubensis Walp, Abelmoschus cucurbitaceus Walp, Abelmoschus haenkeanus C.Presl, Abelmoschus marianus C.Presl, Abelmoschus palustris Walp, Abelmoschus pseudoabelmoschus (Blume) Walp, Abelmoschus roseus Walp, Abelmoschus sublobatus C.Presl, Hibiscus abelmoschus L., Hibiscus collinsianus Nutt. ex Torr. A. Gray, Hibiscus moschatus (Medik.) Salisb
Common name Kapas Hantu, Kapas Hutan, Gandapura, Kasturi, Musk Mallow, Musk Okra, Ambrette, Mushkdana, Tropical Jewel Hibiscus
Characteristics An erect herb or subshrubs and usually annual or short-lived perennial reaching up to 4 m high.
Morphology Stems Hispid-pubescent with appressed whitish hairs to measurement about 3-4mm long, solid or hollow.
Leaves Hastate, grows up to 30cm long and broad, shallowly to deeply 3 to 7 lobed, the divisions deltoid to oblong lanceolate, coarsely serrate, dentate to crenate and apices acute to acuminate, rarely obtuse, leaf-bases cordate or sagittate.
Petiole 20cm long, stipules linear to filiform and measures to 1 cm long.
Flowers Solitary, bisexual, in upper axils, on apically expanded pedicels, at first, measuring 2-4 cm long, in flower; extending to 12-19 cm in fruit. The involucral bracts are 6-10 in number, linear to subulate or lanceolate, measuring 9-15 mm long and 1-2.5 mm broad, appressed, persistent in fruit. The calyx caduceus measures 1.8-3.5 cm long and 5-toothed at apex. The corolla is yellow in colour with a deep purple or crimson spot at base; petals asymmetrical, obovate, measuring 7-9 cm long, cilliate at base. The staminal column measures about 2.5-3 cm long. The capsule dry, 5-valved, thin-walled, ovoid to fusiform, apiculate, measuring 5-8 cm long and 2-3 cm broad, terete to slightly 5-angles and usually hispid are dark brown to blackish in colour.
Seeds Ovoid, reniform, measures 3-4 mm long, concentrically striate-pubescent, especially around the hilum, grayish-brown to black in colour, with an oily musky taste and a musky odour when rubbed
Chemical compound A. moschatus has been reported to contain 5-dodecenyl-acetate, 5-tetradecen-14-olide, 5-tetradecenyl-acetate, acetic-acid, alpha-cephalin, ambrettol, ambrettolic-acid, ambrettolide(=7-hexadecen-16-olide), decyl-acetate, decyl-alcohol, farnesol, fat, furfural, kaempferol, kaempferol-3-0-glucoside, methionine-sulfoxide, mucilage, myricicetin, myricicetin-3′-glucoside, myristic-acid, palmitic-acid, phosphatidyl-serine, phosphatidylcholine-plasmalogen, phosphatidylserine-plasmalogen, pineol, protein, quercetin, and quercetin-3′-glucoside
Plant part used Seeds, roots and leaves
Traditional uses A. moschatus seeds are considered antihysteric, antineurotic, antispasmodic, aphrodisiac, carminative, diuretic, litholytic, stimulant, stomachic, and tonic. The roots and leaves are made into poultices to treat boils, cystitis and fever. For the treatment of urinary discharge and gonorrhoea some use the seeds while others used a decoction of the leaves and roots.
Medicinal uses Myricetin isolated from the aerial part of A. moschatus has antidiabetic activity which is able to enhance utlization of glucose. Seed extracts of A. moschatus was able to prevent natural degradation of FGF-2 and maintaining the bioavailability of heparan sulphate proteoglycans for its target cells. It has skin protective activtiy which are skin biomechanical properties and reduction of wrinkles clinically.
List of country Peninsular Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Combodia, Laos, Vietnam
Abelmoschus moschatus (Medik,1787)
https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/22805 https://www.gbif.org/species/8312665 https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/abelmoschus-moschatus-medik/ https://identify.plantnet.org/the-plant-list/species/Abelmoschus%20moschatus%20Medik./data
Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Family: Cercopithecidae Genus: Nasalis Species: Nasalis larvatus
Common Name/ Vernacular Name Bangkatan (Sabah) Bekantan (Bisaya (Borneo)) Bentangan (Bisaya (Borneo)) Kera Belanda (Malay) Monyet Belanda (Malay) Monyet Probosis (Malay) Orang Belanda (Malay) Pika (Bisaya (Borneo)) Proboscis Monkey (English) Raseng (Bisaya (Borneo) Rasong (Bisaya (Borneo) long-nosed monkey,
Habitat Living in restricted habitat bordering water. Troops of 6-10 swim expertly across creeks and stream, forage among trees.
Threats Ongoing habitat loss due to logging and plantatians. hunting for traditional Chinese Medicine purpose.
Morphology Proboscis monkeys are sexually dimorphic. The males have a length of 70 cm and weight of between 16 and 22 kg. Females measure 60 cm and weigh between 7 and 12 kg.The fur of the adult proboscis monkey is pink and brown with red around the head and shoulders. The arms, legs, and tail are gray.
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Endangered
Ecosystem Role The role of N. larvatus in the ecosystem is not well understood. As herbivores, they probably have some affect on plant populations. To the extent that predators rely on these animals for food, proboscis monkey populations may affect predators.
Economic Importance Proboscis monkeys are considered a delicacy although they are not heavily hunted. They are also desired for zoos because of their unique appearance.
https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Nasalis_larvatus/#ecosystem_roles https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Nasalis_larvatus/ https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Nasalis_larvatus/#economic_importance_positive
Taxonomy Phylum: Tracheophyta Class: Liliopsida Order: Zingiberales Family: Zingiberaceae Genus: Alpinia Species: Alpinia galanga
Synonyms Alpinia alba (Retz.) Roscoe, Alpinia bifida Warb, Alpinia carnea Griff, Alpinia pyramidata Blume, Alpinia rheedei Wight, Alpinia viridiflora Griff, Amomum galanga (L.) Lour, Amomum medium Lour, Galanga major Garsault [Invalid], Galanga officinalis Salisb, Hellenia alba (Retz.) Willd, Heritiera alba Retz, Languas galanga (L.) Stuntz, Languas pyramidata (Blume) Merr, Languas vulgare J.Koenig Maranta, galanga L., Zingiber galanga (L.) Stokes , Zingiber medium Stokes, Zingiber sylvestre Gaertn.
Common Name Lengkuas, Puar, Lengkuas Biasa, Lengkuas Benar, Lawas, Mengkanang, Galangal, Spice Ginger, Languas , Java Galangal, Galanga, Greater Galangal
Characteristics A perennial herb that can grow up to 3.5 m tall and possesses a creeping rhizome. The plant grows from rhizome underneath the ground.
Morphology Stem Soft, watery, smooth, non-woody and green in color. Rhizome Extremely branches, 2.5-10.0 cm thick, 2.0-4.0 cm in diametre, hard, fibrous and subterete. The colour of rhizome is reddish brown externally and light orange internally. Leaves Distichous, the bottom and top part is small, oblong-lanceolate shaped measure (20-)50(-60) x (4-)9(-15) cm, sheath obviously covered with short and soft hairs at the apex, the petiole is 1-1.5 cm long and hairy, base of the leaf is cuneate and short point at apex. The upper surface of the leaf is dark green and the underneath surface is lighter green, leaf margin is wavy . The ligule present, measuring 1 cm long and truncate. Inflorescence Terminal, many flowered, erect and behave in raceme measure 10-30 cm x 5-7 cm. The bract ovate, up to 2 cm long with each of it subtending of 2-6 flowers in a cincinnus form. Flower Terminal with a large peduncle and bell shaped, measured 12 cm long, fragrant, tubular calyx with white in colour, corolla tube terete, both measured 1 cm long. The corolla has 3 oblong-lanceolate lobes measured 1.5 cm x 0.6 cm, the margin is fully ciliate, greenish white in color . Labellum spoon-shaped, 1.5-2.5 cm x 0.5-0.75 cm, white colour with purple vein, clawed, undulate crenate at the margin and the apex is recurved inwards. The staminode lateral; represent by 2 small pointed lobes at the base of labellum, 7-8 mm long, reddish in colour. Stamen one and erect, anther incurved; 2-2.5 cm long. The style is longer than the stamen, stigma obtriangular. Fruits Globose to ellipsoidal capsules in shape measuring 1-1.5 cm in diametre. The color of fruit is orange-red to wine red.
Chemical compound Kampheride, alpinin, galangin, methyl cinnamate, cincole, 1’-acetoxychavicol acetate, 1’-hydroxychavicol acetate, galantin-3-methyl ether, a-terpineol, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, trans-coniferyl diacetate, trans-p-courmaryl diacetate, α-bergamotene, β-bisabolene, borneol, borneol acetate, butanol acetate, campene, carveol I, carveol II, chavicol acetate, citronellol acetate, α-copaene, curcumene, ρ-cymene, ρ-cymenol, eugenol methyl ether, 1’-acetoxyeugenol acetate, trans-b-farnescene, α-humulene, limonene, myrcene, nerol acetate, pentadecane, linalool, propanol acetate, 2-methyl sabinene, santalene, β-sesquiphellandrene, γ-terpinene, terpinolene, tridecane, caryophyllene oxide, 1’hydroxycineol acetate, ρ-hydroxycinnamaldehyde, di-(ρ-hydroxy-cis-styryl)-methane, α-pinene, β-pinene, quercetin, kaempferol, quercetin-3-methyl ether, isorhamnetin and derivative of 4-allylphenol. Other constituents have been reported are methylcinnamate, cineole, camphor, pinene, 1’-acetoxychavicol acetate, 1’-acetoxyeugenol acetate, caryophyllenol I, caryophylleno II, isorhemnetic, kaemferide, galangin-3-methyl ether, eugenol, galangol, cadinene, tannin, phlobaphenes, starch, cedrol, 1,8-cineole, α-pinene, β-pinene, fatty acid methyl esters, trans-4-methoxycinnamyl alcohol, n-7-heptadecene, n-pentadecane, trans-3,4-dimethoxycinnamyl alcohol, trans-4-hydroxycinnamaldehyde, isoborneol, bornyl acetate, camphene, D3-carene, trans-β-cymene, citronellol, α-fenchene, α-fenchol, geranial, geraniol, geranyl acetate, -2-ρ-menthen-1-ol, cis-2-ρ-menthen-1-ol, cis-β-ocimene, α-phellandrene, β-phellandrene, sabinene, trans-sabinene hydrate, α-terpinene, terpinen-4-ol, neral, α-thujene, β-thujone, tricyclene, α-bergamotene, butyl acetate, chavicol, neryl acetate, citronellyl acetate, α-capaene, p-cymenol, ar-cucumene, eugenly acetate, trans-β-farnesene, methyleugenol, 2-methylpropyl acetate, pentadacane, eugenol, 1’-hydroxychavicol acetate, ρ-hydroxy-cinnamaldehyde, [di-(ρ-hydroxy-cis-styryl)]methane, (E)-8(17),12-labddiene-15,16-dial, (E)-8b(17)-epoxylabd-12-ene-15,16-dial, galanals A-B, galanolactone.
Plant part used Leaves and rhizomes
Traditional uses Used as a spice for flavouring foods. It is also used as the ingredient in some herbal preparations. Young shoot and flower of this plant usually used as vegetables. Malay ethnics also use lengkuas as body lotion by boiling the leaves. The leaves are used as ingredients in afterbirth herbal bath. The poultice of the rhizomes that were mixed with vinegar is used to treat eczema. It can also be applied externally on carious teeth to relieve a toothache
Medicinal uses The rhizome of A. galanga has been used to treat fever, pharyngopathy, hiccups, coughs, asthma, bronchitis, headache, inflammations, rheumatoid arthritis, colic, ringworm, puerpera, gastralgia, boborygmus, purify blood, vomiting, diarrhoea, diabetes, tubercular glands, malaria and tinea, pityriasis versicolor, insanity, menstrual pain, afterbirth and desquamation of the soles and hands.
List of country Thailand and Southeast Asia
Alpinia galanga (Linnaeus, 1762)
https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/alpinia-galanga-l-willd-105846/ https://www.gbif.org/species/5302225/metrics
Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Magnoliopsida Order :Malvales Family :Malvaceae Genus :Abutilon Species :Abutilon indicum
Synonyms Abutilon albidum (Willd.) Sweet, Abutilon album Hill [Invalid], Abutilon arborescens Medik., Abutilon asiaticum (L.) Sweet, Abutilon cavaleriei H.Lév., Abutilon croizatianum Moscoso, Abutilon cunninghamii Benth., Abutilon cysticarpum Hance ex Walp., Abutilon elongatum Moench [Illegitimate], Abutilon frutescens Medik., Abutilon grandiflorum G.Don, Abutilon hirsutissimum Moench [Illegitimate], Abutilon leiospermum Griseb., Abutilon malvifolium (Benth.) J.M.Black, Abutilon populifolium (Lam.) Sweet, Abutilon pubescens (Cav.) Urb. [Illegitimate], Abutilon subpapyraceum Hochr., Abutilon vesicarium (Cav.) Sweet, Beloere cistiflora Shuttlew. ex A.Gray, Sida albida Willd., Sida asiatica L., Sida indica L., Sida populifolia Lam., Sida vesicaria Cav.
Common name Bunga Kisar, Kambang Lobo, Kambong Lubok, Kembang Lohor, Kembang Lubok, Kisar, Malbar, Pokok Kembang Lohor, Country Mallow, Indian Abutilon, Indian Mallow, Moon Flower, Sunflower, Monkey Bush
Characteristics A shrub that can grow up to 2 m high.
Morphology Leaves Stalked measuring 2.5-10 cm long with 2-7.5 cm wide, ovate or orbiculate to cordate, irregularly crenate or dentate, acuminated, minutely hoary tomentose on both surfaces.
Flowers Orange-yellow in colour, solitary, axillary. The fruiting carpels 15-20 in number, flat-topped, forming a head, measuring 2-2.5 cm across, black and hairy.
Fruits Hispid, scarcely longer than the calyx and the awns are erect.
Seeds Three to five in number, kidney-shaped, dark brown or black in colour and tubercled or with minutely stellate hairs.
Chemical compound A. indicum contain gallic acid, asparagine, fructose, galactose, glucose, beta-sitosterone, vanillic acid, p-coumaric acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, caffeic acid, fumaric acid, p-β-D-glycosyloxybenzoic acid, leucine, histidine, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid and galacturonic acid, alantolactone, isoalantolactone, threonine, glutamine, serine, proline, glycine, alanine, cycteine, methionine, isoleucine, valine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, histidine, lysine, and arginine.
Plant part used Roots, seeds and leaves
Traditional uses The roots are considered diuretic and its decoction is given for all types of dysurias. The demulcent property of extracts of A. indicum is made used of in the treatment of various gastrointestinal disorders. The extract together with clrified butter treats diarrhoea and billiousness. The high fibre content of the leaves and the mucilagenous property is taken advantage of in the treatment of haemorrhoids. A decoction of the leaves is a good mouthwash for toothaches and gum ailments. Finely powdered seeds are given as a laxative. The powdered herb was used for meno-metrorrhagia. The leaves are used to treat various skin diseases including wounds and ulcers while the seeds are used for leprosy.
Medicinal uses Both the aqueous and alcoholic extracts of the leaves of A. indicum were found to have significant hypoglycaemic effects in normal rats 4 hours after administration. Alcoholic (methanol) leaf extract’s hypoglycaemic activity and found that the extract was able to suppress the postprandial hyperglycaemia by inhibiting a-glucosidase and sucrase activities in the intestine. Aqueous extract of A. indicum showed significant hepatoprotective activity when it was found to be able to reduce biochemical parameter changes as a result of exposure of experimental rats to CCl4 and Paracetamol. Aqueous and ethanol extracts of the leaves of A. indicum were assessed for the immunomodulatory activity using various animal models. The results showed that there were significant increases in the production of circulating antibody titre in response to sheep red blood cells, increase in both primary and secondary haemagglutination antibody, a significant potentiation of delayed type hypersensitivity reaction.
List of country India, China, Australia, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Seychelles, Mauritius
Abutilon indicum (Sweet,1826)
https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/18011 https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/abutilon-indicum-l-sweet-105860/#r5 https://www.gbif.org/species/3152634 https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/1/5/1582 https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/68488522
Taxonomy Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Order : Eulipotyphla Family : Erinaceidae Genus : Echinosorex Species : Echinosorex gymnurus
Common Name/ Vernacular Name Short-tailed Gymnure (English) Tikus Babi (Malay) Salak Ba'a (Malay)
Morphology/ physical description The moonrat has a long, mobile nose which has a groove on its underside, from the tip to a point between the upper incisors. Its body is long and narrow and the canine teeth are usually larger than the adjacent teeth. Commonly, it weighs up to 1.4 kg and its body is 26 to 45 cm in length with a 17 to 29 cm long tail
Habitat and Ecology The habitat of moon rats is primary and secondary lowland forest, mangrove swamps, rubber plantations and other cultivated areas. They seem to prefer moist areas, often near streams, with thick ground vegetation
Conservation status/action Echinosorex gymnurus does not appear to be threatened currently.
https://www.mybis.gov.my/art/286 https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Echinosorex_gymnura/ https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Echinosorex_gymnura/#conservation_status
Taxonomy Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Order : Eulipotyphla Family : Erinaceidae Genus : Hylomys Species : Hylomys suillus
Common Name Lesser Gymnure Pig-tailed Shrew (English) Salak Ba'a (Malay) Short-tailed Gymnure (English) Tikus Babi (Malay)
Morphology/ physical description Its fur is mainly brown, and somewhat grizzled, with the underside being greyish. Its snout is pointed, and it bears numerous similar-sized teeth with which it can easily grip its prey. Its ears are rounded and relatively large. Its legs are short, and its digits bear sharp claws for digging. Its tail is short and bears few hairs.
https://www.ecologyasia.com/verts/mammals/short-tailed-gymnure
Taxonomy Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Order : Rodentia Family : Sciuridae Genus : Aeromys Species : Aeromys tephromelas
Common Name Black Flying Squirrel Tupai Terbang Hitam (Malay) Black Giant Flying Squirrel (English) Large Black Flying Squirrel (English)
Morphology/ physical description Its dorsal fur is dark brown to black, and the underside is dark brown to dark grey. The head is small and the tail long. Flying Squirrels possess a supple skin flap which extends from the length of the body to all four feet
Habitat and Ecology inhabit both primary and secondary forests in the lowlands and foothills of mountains in Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo. Large trees provide potential nesting cavities for this nocturnal species. Because they have been found near human villages in Malaysia.
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Data deficient
Ecosystem role they may disperse seeds, pollinate flowers, or spread fungal spores
Economic importance Because so little is known about black flying squirrels, no conclusive economic benefits are listed for this species
Aeromys tephromelas (Günther, 1873)
https://www.ecologyasia.com/verts/mammals/large-black-flying-squirrel.htm https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Aeromys_tephromelas/ https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Aeromys_tephromelas/ https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Aeromys_tephromelas/#economic_importance_positive
Taxonomy Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Order : Rodentia Family : Sciuridae Genus : Aeromys Species : Aeromys thomasi
Common name/ vernacular name Thomas's Flying Squirrel Thomas’s Giant Flying Squirrel (English)
Morphology/ physical description Its fur is reddish-brown to dark brown, with no markings to speak of : it is this plain appearance which distinguishes it from other large flying squirrels.
Taxonomy Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Order : Chiroptera Family : Pteropodidae Genus : Aethalops Species : Aethalops aequalis
Common Name/ Vernacular Name Borneo Fruit Bat Cecadu Borneo (Malay)
Morphology and Physical Description Borneo fruit bats have grey-brown to dark reddish-brown fur that is thick and long on the dorsal surface, with paler coloring on their ventral side. Their most distinctive characteristic is their teeth; by the equal length of their upper and lower incisors.
Ecosystem role There is little information on the ecosystem roles of Borneo fruit bats, although other fruit bats play a large role in pollination and seed dispersal.
Economic importance Although this species is typically found in mountainous habitats that are not used for agriculture, Borneo fruit bats may aid in pollination of economically important crops.
Aethalops aequalis G.M.Allen, 1938
https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Aethalops_aequalis/ https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Aethalops_aequalis/#ecosystem_roles https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Aethalops_aequalis/#economic_importance_positive
Taxonomy Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Order : Chiroptera Family : Pteropodidae Genus : Aethalops Species : Aethalops alecto
Common Name Pygmy Fruit Bat (English) Cecadu Bukit (Malay) Grey Fruit Bat (English)
Aethalops alecto (Thomas, 1923)
Taxonomy Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Order : Carnivora Family : Mustelidae Genus : Aonyx Species : Aonyx cinerea
Common Name Oriental Small-Clawed Otter
Morphology/ physical description Their front feet are only partly webbed, and their claws are very short. heir fur is light to medium brown, sometimes greyish brown, and paler underneath. The throat, sides of the neck and cheeks are pale buff to white.
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Vulnerable
Taxonomy Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Order : Carnivora Family : Viverridae Genus : Arctictis Species : Arctictis binturong
Common Name Bearcat Binturung
Morphology/ physical description The body of the binturong is long and heavy, and low on the legs. It has a thick fur of strong black hair. The bushy and prehensile tail is thick at the root, gradually diminishing in size to the extremity, where it curls inwards. The muzzle is short and pointed, somewhat turned up at the nose, and is covered with bristly hairs, brown at the points, which lengthen as they diverge, and form a peculiar radiated circle round the face.
Habitat and Ecology It is mainly restricted to primary or tall secondary forest, but it can also survive in grassland-forest mosaic. It is not known to occur in plantations such as rubber or oil palm. This unusual animal is mainly arboreal in habits, spending the day resting amongst tree branches or in a tree hole. Only occasionally is it seen on the ground.
Arctictis binturong (Raffles,1822)
https://www.thainationalparks.com/species/binturong https://www.ecologyasia.com/verts/mammals/binturong.htm
Taxonomy Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Order : Cetacea Family : Balaenopteridae Genus : Balaenoptera Species : Balaenoptera physalus
Common Name Common Rorqual (English) Fin Whale (English) Fin-backed Whale (English) Finback (English) Finner (English) Herring Whale, Razorback (English)
Ecosystem role Fin whales have little pressure exerted on them by predatory animals and thus their main contribution to the general ecosystem is to consume large amounts of plankton. Their carcasses also support communities of benthic animals as they fall to the ocean floor and are consumed.
Economic importance Historically, fin whales were hunted extensively for their oil and blubber, as well as their baleen. Aboriginal peoples have hunted fin whales for centuries and all parts of the whale were integral in their lives as a source of food, fuel, and building materials. Large-scale hunting efforts peaked in the 1950’s, as nearly 10,000 whales were killed every year.
Balaenoptera physalus (Linnaeus, 1758)
https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Balaenoptera_physalus/#ecosystem_roles https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Balaenoptera_physalus/#economic_importance_positive
Taxonomy Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Order : Carnivora Family : Mustelidae Genus : Arctonyx Species : Arctonyx collaris
Common name/ vernacular name Hog Badger
Morphology/ physical description Its body fur is dark grey to brownish, and its tail pale yellow to white. The throat and face are white, and there are two thick dark stripes on the face.
Ecosystem role There is little to no known information on the impact of hog badgers on their surrounding ecosystem. However, due to their foraging behaviors, they play some role in controlling the populations of invertebrates. Also, they aerate the soil by digging. Another interesting role they play is creating a habitat for other small animals through abandoned hog badger burrows.
Economic importance There is little known evidence to suggest a positive benefit to humans from hog badgers. However, some groups in India eat hog badgers, and they are hunted and farmed for food in China. In Lao, taste preference for hog badgers varies among ethnic groups. Some groups do not care for their meat, whereas groups in parts of the Nam Theun basin seek them for food.
Arctonyx collaris F.G.Cuvier, 1825
https://www.ecologyasia.com/verts/mammals/hog-badger.htm https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Arctonyx_collaris/#ecosystem_roles https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Arctonyx_collaris/#economic_importance_positive
Taxonomy Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Order : Chiroptera Family : Vespertilionidae Genus : Arielulus Species : Arielulus circumdatus
Common name/ vernacular name Black Gilded Pipistrelle Pipistrellus circumdatus (Temminck, 1840) Vespertilio circumdatus Temminck, 1840 Black Gilded Pipistrelle (English) Kelawar Hitam Kuning (Malay) Gilded Black Pipistrelle (English)
Morphology/ physical description Its forearm length is 41–44 mm (1.6–1.7 in). The fur of its back is black with some hairs tipped in orange. Its belly fur is paler than its back and brown.
Arielulus circumdatus (Temminck, 1840)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-gilded_pipistrelle
Taxonomy Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Order : Carnivora Family : Viverridae Genus : Arctogalidia Species : Arctogalidia trivirgata
Common name/ vernacular name Musang Akar (Malay) Small-toothed Palm Civet (English) Three-striped Palm Civet (English)
Morphology/ physical description Generally, the head and back is beige, brownish grey, and sometimes reddish brown; while the under pelage is a reddish brown. Their heads, ears, feet, and tails are usually a dusky brown to grayish black. It is not uncommon to see a white strip extending from their nose to their forehead, usually with three noticeable black or dark brown stripes or spots extending from their neck to the base of their tail and midway down their sides. Many times small-toothed palm civets are confused with Asian palm civets due to the variability in their pelage.
Habitat and Ecology Small-toothed palm civets are primarily a solitary, nocturnal, and arboreal species found over a wide range of habitats. Sightings have occurred in low-lands, as well as dense primary and secondary tropical canopies of coniferous forests.
Ecosystem role Since they are frugivores and one of the only arboreal carnivores in their ecosystem, small-toothed palm civets play a key role in seed dispersal. They also control prey populations. (McNab, 1995)
Economic importance small-toothed palm civets become victims of the black market pet trade. When walking in the markets of Southeast Asia they are found for sale, which could be considered a benefit to the local economy. However, they are difficult for humans to trap or acquire since they are quite agile in their natural habitat. Rarely small-toothed palm civets will be taken for their meat in Chinese and Vietnamese markets. However, due to their small size they are often not worth the effort.
Arctogalidia trivirgata (Gray, 1832)
https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Arctogalidia_trivirgata/ https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Arctogalidia_trivirgata/#ecosystem_roles