Taxonomy Phylum : Tracheophyta Class : Magnoliopsida Order : Malpighiales Family : Euphorbiaceae Genus : Acalypha Species : Acalypha indica
Synonyms Acalypha bailloniana Müll.Arg., Acalypha chinensis Benth., Acalypha cupamenii Dragend., Acalypha decidua Forssk., Acalypha fimbriata Baill., Acalypha somalensis Pax., Acalypha somalium Müll.Arg., Acalypha spicata Forssk., Cupamenis indica (L.) Raf., Ricinocarpus baillonianus (Müll.Arg.) Kuntze, Ricinocarpus deciduus (Forssk.) Kuntze, Ricinocarpus indicus (L.) Kuntze.
Common name Chika mas, Kucing galak, Lis-lis, Rumput lis-lis, Rumput lislis, Tjeka mas, Indian acalypha, Indian nettle, Three-seeded mercury
Characteristics An erect and annual herb that can grow up to 1.5 m tall.
Morphology Leaves Rhombic-ovate, measure (1-)3-5(-7) cm x (1-)2.5-3(-5) cm, wedge-shaped at base, with shallowly serrate margin and petiole 2-6 cm long. Inflorescences Bisexual, solitary and with short slender male portion while the female flowers are fewer and less crowded than in A. lanceolata. They arewith broad bracts, shallowly and obtusely toothed, which are much less closely nerved and produce allomorphic female flowers at the apex. Fruit 2-2.5 mm in diametre.
Chemical compound Cyanogenetic glucoside, triacetonamine and quebrachitol
Plant part used Leaves
Traditional uses A mixture of the juice and that of the leaves from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica) acts as an expectorant and is given for bronchitis, diarrhea, and vomiting. Cooked leaves are eaten to alleviate asthma, hypertension, impurities in the blood and to treat various illnesses in infants. Other preparations are taken to relieve inflammation of the joints, fevers caused by chest colds and infections, asthma and a burning sensation in the windpipe. A decoction is used as an emetic to cure pleurisy, cleanse and clear breathing passages and alleviate swelling of the windpipe, as well as to cure asthma, hypertension, and skin problems caused by impurities in the blood. The juice is considered a remedy for ringworm, scabies, and rashes - a mixture of the juice and neem (Azadirachta indica) oil is used for various skin diseases that cause itching. A mixture of the leaves and castor oil is applied to relieve joint aches. Leaf juice is also used as eardrops for ear infections, earaches and other ear problems. Crushed and applied as a poultice and leaves are used to heal sores. Stir-fried, they are eaten with large prawns to alleviate exhaustion and fatigue but with dried nga-mway-toh (Mastacembelus armatus) fish to prevent inflammation of the appendix- the same mixture is used to alleviate constipation, diarrhea and nagging stomachaches. Boiled leaves made into a salad are eaten to treat lung disease, neurological disease, ringing in the ear, earache, gastric pain and stomach-ache.
Medicinal uses Postcoital infertility activity - The petroleum ether and ethanol extracts of A. indica were found to have anti-implantation activity.This effect is due to some estrogenic activity as evidenced by histological studies of the uterus. Wound healing activity - Studies found that A. indica does have wound healing ability, however, it is inferior to Heliotropium indicum which has better activity and tensile strength. A. indica is a common weed while Viper russelli russelli is amongst the deadliest snakes in the world. Shirwaika et al associated the two together when they investigated the ability of the A. indica to neutralise the snake’s venom.
List of country West Africa, India, Indo-China, Philippines, Java, Borneo and Eastern Malaysia
Acalypha indica (Linnaeus, 1753)
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/70248991 https://www.gbif.org/species/3056259 https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/17200 https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/5/9/5964 https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/acalypha-indica-l-105899/
Acanthus ebracteatus
Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Magnoliopsida Order :Lamiales Family :Acanthaceae Genus :Acanthus Species :Acanthus ebracteatus
Synonyms Acanthus ilicifolius Lour. [Illegitimate], Acanthus ilicifolius var. ebracteatus (Vahl) Benoist, Dilivaria ebracteata (Vahl) Pers.
Common name Beruju, Jeruju, Jeruju hitam, Gerige, Holly-leaved mangrove, Sea holly
Characteristics An erect herbaceous plant which can grow up to 1 m tall with woody material only seen in older branches.
Morphology Stem Green to dark brown to black colour and is armed with numerous spines. It can grow up to 1.5-2m tall. Leaves Oblong and with a size of measuring 12-20 cm x 3-5 cm. The leaf blade being dark green, stiff and deeply lobed. The apex of the lobes each has a sharp spine. Flowers In terminal or axillary spikes of about 10 cm long with several flowers. The bracts are ovate and 0.6cm long while the bracteoles are absent. Corolla usually white in colour but there are varieties with pale blue colour. The lip is 2.5cm long and 1.5cm wide, white entirely or with cobalt blue tip and yellowish central keel, elliptic-oblong. The stamens are pink. Spike up to 10 cm long, many-flowered, ovate bracts which are measures 6-8 mm long. The sepal lobes are ovate in shape. The petal lobe is elliptical-oblong, measuring 2.5 cm x 2 cm, white and rarely bluish in colour. Fruit A square-shaped capsule, which explodes when ripe and projecting the seeds measure up to 2 m from the plant. Seeds Off-white and flat.
Chemical compound benzoxazinoid glucosides (such as 7-chloro-(2R)-2-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one, (2R)-2-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-5-hydroxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one), galactose, 3-O-methylgalactose, arabinose, galacturonic acid and rhamnose.
Plant part used Leaves, fruits, seeds, stems and roots
Traditional uses The leaves of A. ebracteatus are being used to treat inflammatory conditions like rheumatism. The seeds on the other hand are highly regarded as a remedy for persistent boils. Pounded and mixed with water, it would render the person free of boils for a year for each seed taken. In addition, the seeds are used to treat intestinal worms. For snakebites, the Malays often advocate the use of the roots as an immediate remedy. The same is used to treat effects of other animal toxins. It is generally known amongst the inhabitants of mangroves that the juices of the leaves are good for preventing hair loss. The roots are used to treat herpes zoster. A cough mixture is made from the seeds together with flowers of Averrhoa and black sugar cane, cinnamon and rock sugar.
Medicinal uses Various extracts of A. ebracteatus were found to be able to inhibit chemical mutagenesis by inhibiting enzyme activities necessary for the activation of indirect mutagens/carcinogens. The aqueous extract could reduce the production of eicosanoid. A. ebracteatus has good antimicrobial activity against nosocomial pathogen and skin infection bacteria at low concentrations.
List of country Peninsular Malaysia, Indonesia and Australia
Acanthus ebracteatus (Vahl,1791)
https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/acanthus-ebracteatus-vahl-106076/ https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/9204 https://www.gbif.org/species/5415454 https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/1/5/1594 https://inaturali...457/original.jpeg
Achyranthes aspera
Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Magnoliopsida Order :Caryophyllales Family :Amaranthaceae Genus :Achyranthes Species :Achyranthes aspera
Synonyms Achyranthes acuminata E.Mey. ex Cooke & Wright, Achyranthes asperoides Pires de Lima, Achyranthes australis R.Br., Achyranthes canescens R.Br., Achyranthes daito-insularis Tawada, Achyranthes ellipticifolia Stokes, Achyranthes fruticosa Desf., Achyranthes grandifolia Moq., Achyranthes obovata Peter [Illegitimate], Achyranthes obovatifolia Stokes, Achyranthes okinawensis Tawada, Achyranthes robusta C.H.Wright, Achyranthes sicula Roth, Achyranthes tenuifolia Steud. [Invalid], Cadelaria punctata Raf., Centrostachys aspera (L.) Standl., Centrostachys australis (R.Br.) Standl., Centrostachys canescens (R.Br.) Standl., Centrostachys grandifolia (Moq.) Standl., Centrostachys indica (L.) Standl., Stachyarpagophora aspera (L.) M.Gómez
Common name Ara songsang, Nyarang sunsang , Arasongsang, Nyarang songsang, Nyarang sunsang,Prickly chaff flower, Colic weed, Cow pimpler, Devils whip, Man better man, Prickly chaff-flower, Rough chaff flower, Rough chaff tree, Soldier rod, Washerman’s plant
Characteristics An annual to perennial herb which can grow up to 30-120 cm tall. It is with angular stem, ribbed, stiff, with thickened nodes, variably pubescent and reddish-brown.
Morphology Leaves Ovate-obovate or elliptical-oblong, measuring 1-10 cm x 1-5 cm, with attenuate base, with obtuse apex or acute, hairless to densely hairy and with 5-15 mm long petiole. The tepals are ovate-lance-shaped, measure 3.5-6.5 mm long, 3-veined, green, pungent in fruit and the pseudo-staminodes are with a fimbriate scale. The pericarp is oblong, about 3 mm long and dark brown. Spike Terminal and axillary, measures about 10-75 cm long, including a peduncle 0.5-15 cm long. The rachis is stiff, ribbed and more or less densely white hairy. The ovate bracts are 2-3.5 mm long, acuminate at apex, not pungent and silvery. The bracteoles are ovate, with spines 2.5-4.5 mm long, sharp, with basal wing adnate to spine which is easily detaching and measuring 1-2 mm long.
Chemical compound Shoot contains aliphatic dihydroxyketone, 36,47-dihydroxyhenpentacontan-4-one, tritriacontanol, essential oil, a long chain alcohol, 17-pentatriacontanol, 27-cyclohexylheptacosan-7-ol, 16-hydroxy-26-methylheptacosan-2-one, 4-methylheptatriacont-1-en-10-ol and tetracontanol-2. Ecdysterone was found in the seeds, stem, leaves and root. Chloroform extract of the stem contains pentatriacontan, 6-pentatriacontanone, hexatriacontane and triacontane. Flavonoids and alkaloids were found in the inflorescence. aerial parts has been reported to contain saponins. seeds has been reported to contain protein with amino acid contents of leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine and valine while tryptophan and sulphur amino acid (methionine and cystine) root contains oleanolic acid as the aglycone from the saponin, alkaloids but no flavonoids. powder contained high levels of manganese, magnesium, zinc, calcium and phosphorus in comparison to those of common vegetables and plants.
Plant part used Leaves, roots, twigs and seeds
Traditional uses An antipyretic, an anti-inflammatory agent, a diuretic and for the treatment of constipation, fever (especially malarial fever), bronchitis, sprains, dysentery, asthma, hypertension, diabetes and as wound dressing. The whole plant is used in the treatment of diabetes and as a blood purifier. The whole plant is dried and burnt to an ash which is then mixed with common salt and massaged onto the gums and tooth area to relieve toothache while the stem is used as a tooth brush. The crushed leaves are used as a dressing to promote blood clotting
Medicinal uses Leaf extracts help in thyroid hormones activity by increasing body weights, hepatic protein content and serum glucose levels. Methanol extract of A. aspera leaves (3 and 5.5 g/kg body weight, p.o.) showed anti-fertility activity, 50% ethanolic extract elicited reproductive toxicity by inhibit male reproduction ability activity by treating the reduced sperm count, reduced weight of epididymis, reduced serum testosterone and reduced testicular 3b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. Powdered whole plant of A. aspera (2, 3 & 4 g/kg) and its water and methanol extracts (at doses equivalent to 4 g/kg) caused dose-dependent reductions in blood glucose levels in normal and alloxan diabetic with acetohexamide used as the standard antidiabetic drug. The ethanolic extract of A. aspera (100 – 500 mg/kg) showed anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity The achyranthine and the entire plant showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococuss heamolyticus and Bacillus typhosus. -The cystone (400 and 500 mg/kg, p.o.) produced a significant increase in urine volume and also significantly increased sodium, potassium and calcium excretion.
List of country Malaysia, Australia and America
Achyranthes aspera (Linnaeus, 1753)
https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/achyranthes-aspera-l-105989/ https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/5/9/5967
Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Polypodiopsida Order :Polypodiales Family :Pteridaceae Genus :Acrostichum Species :Acrostichum aureum
Synonyms Acrostichum guineense Gaudich, Acrostichum inaequale Willd, Chrysodium aureum (L.) Mett, Chrysodium inaequale (Willd.), Fée Chrysodium vulgare Fée
Common name Piai raya, Piai lasa, Larat, Pebisi, Paku bulu emas, Paku laut, Peye, Piai, Umbi piai , Umbi peye, Mangrove fern, Golden leather fern, Swamp fern
Characteristics The crown is erect and very large.
Morphology Fronds Pinnate, rigid, coriaceous, glabrous, 0.9–1.8m long and 30cm wide, with a rigid naked strip 30–60cm long. The pinnae oblong-lanceolate, the lower shortly stalked and barren, 15–35cm long and 2.5–5.0cm wide; the upper fertile, almost sessile, one 10–15cm long, 1.5–2.5 cm broad, with a recurved margin all rounded and obtuse, or mucronat at the apex, rounded or shortly cuneate at the base and with the margin entire. The mid-rib conspicuous; veinlets often obtuse, anastomosing freely into small irregular areolae, but without any main veins, or any free veinlets. The fertile pinnae wholly occupied with sori except the mid-rib.
Chemical compound Ethanol extract of A. aureum has been reported to contain reducing sugars, alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, steroids, flavonoids, gums and terpenoids. Methanol extract on the leaf parts of A. aureum contains patriscabratine, (2-acetamido-3-phenylpropyl) 2- benzamido-3-phenylpropanoate, (2R,3S)-sulfated pterosin C and tetracosane.
Plant part used Rhizomes and leaves
Traditional uses The powdered or granted rhizomes of A. aureum were used to treat wounds, non-healing ulcers and boils. The frond is applied over venomous snakebites as an antidote. The fertile fronds and roots are also used traditionally for syphilitic ulcers. Treat sore throat, chest pains, elephantiasis, purgative and febrifuge. Leaves of A. aureum were used to cure cloudy urine in women.
Medicinal uses Acetic acid induced writhing test in mice was used for determining the analgesic activity. Ethanol extract of A. aureum were applied on carrageenan-induced inflammation rat models to study anti-inflammatory activity. Growth inhibition of bacteria was tested in a disc diffusion method where, the ethanolic extract of A. aureum showed maximum activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, gram-negative bacteria. While the acetone and methanolic extracts of A. aureum showed moderate level of inhibition towards Escherichia coli.
List of country Caribbean, Southeast Asia, Australasia, East and West Africa
Acrostichum aureum (Linnaeus,1753)
https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/8710 https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/acrostichum-aureum-l/ http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=235080 https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/1/5/1535 https://www.gbif.org/species/2651706 https://www.inatu...g/photos/69630600
Adenanthera pavonina
Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Magnoliopsida Order :Fabales Family :Fabaceae Genus :Adenanthera Species :Adenanthera pavonina
Synonyms Adenanthera gersenii Scheff. Corallaria parvifolia Rumph.
Common name Saga tumpul (Peninsular), Coralwood , Bean tree, Peacock tree, Circassian bean
Characteristics A small to medium-sized trees that can reach up to 30(-40) m tall. It is rarely shrubs.
Morphology Leaves Arranged spirally, bipinnate and without glands. The first 2 leaves are arranged opposite while the subsequent ones are arranged spirally. The first few leaves are pinnate while the subsequent ones are bipinnate. The leaflets are alternate and entire. The stipules are small and caducous. Inflorescence Terminal and axillary, consists of many-flowered, simple, spike-like racemes, solitary or few together. The flowers are 5-merous, small and with jointed pedicels. The sepal lobes are valvate as well as the petals. There are 10 free stamens. The ovary is superior, 1-locular and with many ovules and simple style. Fruit A strap-shaped, many-seeded pod, straight to spirally twisted and dehiscent along both sutures. Seed Red or red and black, shiny and broadly ellipsoid to broadly obovoid or orbicular. The seedling is with epigeal germination. The cotyledons are emergent and fleshy while the hypocotyl is elongated.
Chemical compound 1,2-diacylglycerols, 1,3-diacylglycerols, 24-epiclerosterol, 24-methyl cholesterol, beta-sitosterol, docosanoic acid, eicosanoic acid, eicosenoic acid, eicosadienoic acid, isofucosterol, lignoicerotic acid, linoleic acid, lysophosphatidylcholine, myristic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, pavonin, pentadecanoic acid, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, stearic acid, stigmasterol, sitosterol and triacylglycerols
Plant part used Leaves, bark and seeds
Traditional uses The leaves and seeds of A. pavonia had been used in the treatment of rheumatism and gout. Powdered seeds is also used for treatment of abscesses. The bark is considered a tonic while the seeds in powdered form is used in treatment of headaches.
Medicinal uses Methanol extract of of A. pavonia seeds was evaluated for its anti-inflammatory effects in animal models. Ethanol extract of A. pavonia leaves also has anti-inflammatory activity which could possibly be due to the presence of active constituents like β-sitosterol and stigmasterol and probably also due to the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. In the acetic acid-induced writhing in mice it was found that the methanolic extract of the seeds of A. pavonia could inhibit it. Additionally, both the early and late phase of the formalin-induced paw.
List of country Sri Lanka, Burma, Indo-China, Southern China, Thailand,Malesia(except for Philippines), India and Africa
Adenanthera pavonina (Linnaeus,1753)
https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/37764546 https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/138728637 https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/100246662 https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/gallery?taxon_key=2951846 https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/adenanthera-pavonina-l-105801/
Adenostemma viscosum
Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Magnoliopsida Order :Asterales Family :Asteraceae Genus :Adenostemma Species :Adenostemma viscosum
Synonyms Adenostemma dregei DC., Adenostemma glutinosum DC., Adenostemma macrophyllum (Blume) DC., Adenostemma microcephalum DC., Adenostemma natalense DC., Adenostemma ovatum Miq., Adenostemma parviflorum (Blume) DC., Adenostemma perrottetii DC., Ageratum strictum Sims, Ethulia aquatica Roxb. ex DC., Lavenia glutinosa Gaudich., Lavenia macrophylla Blume, Lavenia parviflora Blume, Lavenia viscida Buch.-Ham.
Common name Rumput tahi babi, Daun susu babi, Rumput pasir, Dung weed
Characteristics An annual or sometimes perennial herb that can reach a height of between 30-100 cm and often rooting at the lower nodes.
Morphology Leaves Simple where the lower leaves are opposite while the upper ones are alternate. The leaves form is broad elliptical to oblong and broadly egg-shaped and measure about 4-20 cm x 3-12 cm. The leaves base is rounded-cuneate, the apex is acute to obtuse and margins are dentate to serrate. The leaf stalk size of the lower leaves is up to 9 cm long while the upper leaves are almost stalkless. There are no stipules. Inflorescence Consisting of heads in a lax terminal paniculate corymb. The inflorescence stalk measures 1-4 cm long. The ring of its bracts is shaped like a bell or cup-shaped, it has 2-seriate, scales sub-equal, herbaceous, and more or less connate at the base. The glandular head is measures about 3-7 mm x 6-10 mm that about 30-flowered. The flowers are all tubular with petals about 1.5-2 mm long and divided into 4, on the outside with glandular hairs in white or violet. It has 5 stamens with the ovary at the inferior of it style bifid- its branches are slender and long, thickened at the top. Fruit Small, obovate-oblong in shape, irregularly triangular with measures about 2.5-4 mm x 1 mm. It is glandular when young but afterwards smooth or warty and crowned with a pappus consisting of a few clavate setae which usually thickened at the top and glandular. The seedling is with epigeal germination.
Chemical compound 11-Hydroxylated kauranic acids, viz, ent-11α-hydroxy-15 α -acetoxykaur-16-en-19-oic acid, ent-11α, 15 α -dihydroxykaur-16-en-19-oic acid, (l6R)-ent-11α -hydroxy-15-oxokauran-19-oic acid and ent-11α -hydroxy-15-oxokaur-16-en-10-oic acid and their glycosides.
Plant part used Whole plant, leaves and roots.
Traditional uses Leaves are boiled and rubbed on the skin to relieve itch and treat infected sores and the whole body is rubbed in case of fever. In Sabah, the leaf extract is given to prevent infections after childbirth. The leaves are chewed against dysentery, or together with those of Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. and Phyllanthus urinaria L. against colic. The leaves are used as a lotion to arrest baldness while leaves paste is used to poultice sun-burned skin, scorched and are applied to boils and ulcers to ripen them. The leaves are also used for treating palpitations, dysuria, toothache, aphthae and sore throats. A. viscosum leaves are eaten as a vegetable, but always in combination with other vegetables, because of their bitterness. The leaves are also applied to hair during washing to prevent hair falls. The leaves are taken with some salt for sore throat. A decoction of the A. viscosum root is traditionally used for stomachache. The roots are chewed alone or together with Piper betle leaves and ginger to treat cough. The roots are also chewed with a little areca nut and some lime to treat coughs.
List of country Pakistan, India, Japan, Southeast Asia, Australia and the Pacific Islands Tropical Africa
Adenostemma viscosum ( J. R. Forst. & G. Forst.,1775)
https://mediaphoto.mnhn.fr/media/1589227791626AIFu2rSDigMWRBm1 https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/adenostemma-viscosum-j-r-forst-g-forst/ https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/taxonomy?taxon_key=3094604 http://www.westafricanplants.senckenberg.de/images/pictures/aste_adenostemma_viscosum_rvbli_4156_10_3688_68601d.jpg https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/39720
Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Magnoliopsida Order :Oxalidales Family :Connaraceae Genus :Agelaea Species :Agelaea macrophylla
Synonyms Agelaea trinervis (Lianos) Merr., Agelaea diepenhorstii King, Agelaea hullettii King, Agelaea sarawakensis Merr., Agelaea wallichii Hook.f., Castanola hullettii (King) Schellenb., Castanola macrophylla (Zoll.) Schellenb., Castanola wallichii (Hook.f.) Schellenb., Connarus diepenhorstii Miq., Erythrostigma macrophylla Zoll., Erythrostigma macrophyllum Zoll., Hemiandrina hullettii (King) G. Schellenb.
Common name Akar pinang kutai, Akar nyamok, Pinang kotai, Akar pinang ketul
Characteristics A large liana with stem up to 4 cm in diametre. The leaf stalk is up to 15 cm long while the stipules are absent.
Morphology Leaves With three leaflets. The leaflets are egg-shaped to elliptical-oblong, about 4-34 cm x 2-14 cm. They are entire. The upper surface has many mucous cells, which looks like small pits in dried material.
Inflorescence An axillary, paniculate and often several together in the axil of a sometimes-rudimentary leaf, up to 5 cm long.
Flowers Bisexual, (4-)5-merous, up to 6 mm long, sweet-scented and more or less heterodistylous. Pedicels are jointed. The sepals are nearly free. Petals are much longer than sepals, free and whitish. There are 10 stamens, shortly united at base with 5 are slightly longer than the other 5. The carpels are 5, superior and free.
Fruit Consisting of 1-5 follicles, obovoid, with or without a beak at the apex, velvety, orange to red, dehiscing by a ventral suture and 1-seeded.
Seeds Fleshy, yellow to red testa in lower part and black but glossy testa in upper part. They are without endosperm. The cotyledons are thick and planoconvex.
List of country Indo-China, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Bali, Borneo, the Moluccas and the Philippines.
Agelaea macrophylla (Leenh,1958)
https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/agelaea-macrophylla-zoll-leenh-r/ https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/23010 https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/2873792304 https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/7/9/7978 http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:264086-1
Ageratum conyzoides
Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Magnoliopsida Order :Asterales Family :Asteraceae Genus :Ageratum Species :Ageratum conyzoides
Synonyms Ageratum album Hort.Berol. ex Hornem., Ageratum album steudel [Invalid], Ageratum arsenei B.L.Rob., Ageratum brachystephanum Regel, Ageratum ciliare L., Ageratum ciliare Lour., Ageratum coeruleum Desf. [Illegitimate], Ageratum conyzoides f. album (Willd.) B.L.Rob., Ageratum conyzoides f. conyzoides, Ageratum conyzoides var. conyzoides, Ageratum conyzoides subsp. conyzoides, Ageratum conyzoides var. hirtum (Lam.) DC., Ageratum conyzoides var. inaequipaleaceum Hieron., Ageratum conyzoides f. obtusifolia (Lam.) Miq., Ageratum conyzoides var. pilosum Blume, Ageratum cordifolium Roxb., Ageratum hirsutum Lam., Ageratum hirsutum Poiret, Ageratum hirsutum Poir., Ageratum hirtum Lam. [Illegitimate], Ageratum humile Larran., Ageratum humile Salisb. [Illegitimate], Ageratum humile Larrañaga, Ageratum iltisii R.M.King & H.Rob., Ageratum latifolium Cav., Ageratum latifolium var. galapageium B.L.Rob., Ageratum latifolium var. latifolium, Ageratum microcarpum (Benth. Ex Benth.) Hemsl., Ageratum muticum Griseb., Ageratum nanum Hort. Ex Sch.Bip. [Illegitimate], Ageratum obtusifolium Lam., Ageratum odoratum Vilm., Ageratum odoratum Bailly, Ageratum suffruticosum Regel, Alomia microcarpa f. torresii Standl., Cacalia mentrasto Vell. Conc., Caelestina latifolia (Cav.) Benth. ex Oerst., Caelestina microcarpa Benth. ex Benth. [Illegitimate], Caelestina microcarpa Benth. xx Oerst., Caelestina suffruticosa Sweet [Illegitimate], Carelia brachystephana (Regel) Kuntze, Carelia conyzoides (L.) Kuntze, Carelia mutica (Griseb.) Kuntze, Eupatorium conyzoides (L.) E.H.L.Krause [Illegitimate], Eupatorium conyzoides (L.) E.H. Krause, Eupatorium paleaceum Sessé & Moc., Sparganophorus obtusifolius Lag.
Common name Daun misai kuching, rumput jalang, rumput pereh jarang, rumput sekedok, sekedok, selaseh dandi, selasik dandi, senarong kambing, sianggit, tahi anjing, tahi ayam, tombok tombok jantan; oran, serak semalam, suokning (Sarawak) , Appa grass, bastard arimony, Billy-goat weed, blueweed, conyzoid floss-flower, goat weed, tropic ageratum, white dung herb, white weed
Characteristics An annual erect herb that sometimes is decumbent and rooting at the base. It can reach up to 120(-150) cm tall.
Morphology Leaves Egg-shaped, triangular-ovate or rhomboid-ovate, size (0.5-)1-10 cm x 0.5-7 cm, with obtuse or rounded base.
Flowering head About 4-6 mm long. The number of flowers is 60-75. The outermost ring of the bract is beset with only simple non-gland hairs while the inner bracts are with abruptly contracted apex. The petal is between 1-2.5 mm long.
Fruit Hairless or very sparingly hairy
Chemical compound Flavonoids, alkaloids, coumarins, essential oils, tannins, chromenes, benzofurans and terpenoids. The main chemicals found in the plant are: 6,7-dimethoxy-2,2-dimethylchromene, 6-demetoxyageratochromene, 6-vinyl-demethoxy-ageratochromene, ageratochromene (precocene II), α-cubebene, α -pinene, α -terpinene, β-caryophyllene, β -cubebene, β-elemene, β-farnesene, β-myrcene, β-pinene, β-selinene, β-sitosterol, cadinene, caryophyllene-oxide, conyzorigin, coumarin, dotriacontene, endo-borneol, endo-bornyl-acetate, ethyl-eugenol, ethyl-vanillin, farnesol, friedelin, HCN, hexadecenoic-acid, kaempferol, kaempferol-3,7-diglucoside, kaempferol-3-o-rhamnosylglucoside, linoleic-acid, quercetin, quercetin-3,7-diglucoside, and quercetin-3-o-rhamnosylglucoside, and 5,6,7,8,3′,4′,5′-heptamethoxyflavone. The light petroleum extract of A. conyzoides has been reported to contain friedelin, sitosterol and stigmasterol.
Plant part used Leaves, roots, and aerial parts
Traditional uses A. conyzoides is used to treat fever, rheumatism, headache, colic, wounds caused by burns, dyspepsia, eye problem, uterine disorders and pneumonia. This plant is used in folk remedies as a purgative, febrifuge, for ophthalmia, treatment of ulcers and as a wound dressing. A decoction of the plant is taken internally to treat diarrheal and to relieve pain associated with the navel in children. A. conyzoides is also used to treat prostate problems and is given to women after childbirth and for promoting menstruation.
Medicinal uses The wound healing properties of methanolic extracts of A. conyzoides leaves were compared to honey. Hydroalcoholic extract of A. conyzoides leaves has been reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory activity on subacute (cotton pellet-induced granuloma) and chronic (formaldehyde-induced arthritis)
List of country Central and South America, but now is a pantropical weed that is very common throughout India, Burma (Myanmar), Indo-China, southern China, Thailand and Malesia.
Ageratum conyzoides (Linnaeus,1753)
https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/ageratum-conyzoides-l-l/ https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/search?taxon_key=5401673 https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/5/1/5183
Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Magnoliopsida Order :Asterales Family :Asteraceae Genus :Ageratum Species :Ageratum houstanianum
Ageratum houstonianum (Mill,1768)
Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Magnoliopsida Order :Sapindales Family :Meliaceae Genus :Aglaia Species :Aglaia lawii
Aglaia lawii (C.J.Saldanha & D.H.Nicolson, Fl. Hassan Distr.,1976)
Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Magnoliopsida Order :Sapindales Family :Meliaceae Genus :Aglaia Species :Aglaia odorata
Synonyms Opilia odorata (Lour.) Spreng., Camunium chinense Roxb., Aglaia sinensis Pierre, Aglaia repoeuensis Pierre, Aglaia pentaphylla Kurz, Aglaia oblanceolata Craib, Aglaia duperreana Pierre, Aglaia chaudocensis Pierre
Common name Chulan, pokok telur belangkas (Peninsular) , Chinese rice-flower , Chinese perfume plant, chuln tree, mock lemon, mock lime, orchid tree
Characteristics A shrub or small tree that can reach up to 10 m tall.
Morphology Leaflets 3-5(-7), opposite and with 5-9 pairs of secondary veins. They are usually smooth and hairless or occasionally with few yellowish-brown stellate scales with a fringed margin below.
Flowers 5-merous, 5 anthers, style-head ovoid or narrowly ovoid, longitudinally ridged and with 2 small apical lobes.
Fruit Indehiscent with 1-locular.
Chemical compound (1R,3E,7E,10S,11S,12R)-dolabella-3,7-dien-10,18-diol, (1R,3S,7E,11S,12R)-dolabella-4(16),7-dien-3,18-diol, (1R,7E,11S,12R)-18-hydroxydolabella-4(16),7-dien-3-one, (1R,3S,4S,7E,11S,12R)-3,4-epoxydolabella-7-en-18-ol, (1R,3R,7E,11S,12R)-dolabella-4(16),7,18-trien-3-ol, 5′-epi-odorine, 21,25-cyclodammar-20(22)-ene-3β,24α-diol, aglaiastatin, α-humulene, aminopyrrolidine-diamides, β-elemene, β-humulene-7-ol, caryophyllene, copaene, ethyl linolenate, ethyl palmitate, germacrene D, methyl jasmonate, odorine, odorino, pyrimidinone, and rocaglaol.
Plant part used Leaves, roots and flowers
Traditional uses Decoction of the A. odorata leaves is a remedy for diarrhoea and also to treat excessive menstruation. The flowers are also used to treat cough, vertigo, and to ease childbirth . It also applied to body of women after childbirth . The dried flowers and buds are used to scent tea. Leaves and roots are reported used to reduce fever, relieve chest or respiratory tract disorders, for convulsion and consumed as a tonic.
Medicinal uses Crithidia shares a variety of biochemical mechanisms with the genera Leishmania and Trypasoma and has been used to assess anti-protozoal activity. It was found that extracts of the leaves of A. odorata was able to inhibit Crithidia providing evidence that it may have similar activity against Leishmania and Trypasoma A. odorata extracts were found to have the following effects of Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 (HSV-1): inhibition of plaque formation of HSV-1; effective against thymidine kinase-deficient HSV-1 and phosphonoacetate-resistant HSV-1 strains; and limit development of skin lesion. A number of bifurans isolated from A. odorata were found to be active against three plant pathogens i.e. Pyricularia grisea, Fusarium avenaceum and Alternaria citri. Of these the most active was found to be rocaglaol. -A. odorata contains a number of compounds with cytotoxic activity. Odorine and 5’-epi-odorine were found to inhibit the growth of vinblastine-resistant KB cells by enhancing the anticancer activity of vinblastine.
List of country Burma (Myanmar), Cambodia, Vietnam, Hainan (China) and Thailand; possibly in Laos and the Moluccas. It is also cultivated in India, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and Java.
Aglaia odorata (Lour.,1790)
https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/aglaia-odorata-lour-105809/ https://www.gbif.org/species/5597349
Albizia myriophylla
Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Magnoliopsida Order :Fabales Family :Fabaceae Genus :Albizia Species :Albizia myriophylla
Synonyms Albizia microphylla J.F.Macbr., Albizia myriophylla var. foliolosa Baker, Albizia thorelii Pierre, Albizia vialeana var. thorelii (Pierre) P.H.Ho, Mimosa microphylla Roxb
Common name Tebu gajah, akar manis
Characteristics A small tree that could reach a height of 4 m.
Morphology Leaves Bipinnate, from 15 to 20 cm long, of bright green colour. The pinnae consist of 10 to 15 pairs. The leaflets are from 30 to 40 pairs, minute, obliquely-linear in shape and smooth. The petioles are common and partial, downy. The panicles are terminal and axillary, villous, composed of globular heads of minute greenish-yellow corollets. The bracts are subulate, villous with calyx and corolla both villous. The filaments are from 10 – 20, monodelphous. The germ is long-pediculed.
Legumes Thin, leafy, smooth, long, broad and obtuse-pointed, from 3 to 6-seeded measuring 15-20 cm long and rather above one broad.
Seeds Oval, flat, smooth in shape and light brown in colour.
Chemical compound Aqueous methanol (50%) extract of A. myriophylla wood has been reported to contain iminosugars (e.g. 1-deoxymannojirimycin (DMJ), 2R,5R-dihydroxymethyl-3R,4R-dihydroxypyrrolidine (DMDP), 3- O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-DMDP), 2,5-dideoxy-2,5- imino-D-glucitol, 2-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-DMJ and 4-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-DMJ). Methanol extract of A. myriophylla dried stems has been reported to contain oleanane-type triterpene saponins. Hydrolyzed and unhydrolyzed methanol (80%) extract of A. myriophylla bark powder has been reported to contain gallic acid, gentisic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, salicylic acid, quercetin acid, eugenol and kaempferol.
Plant part used Roots, leaves and stems
Traditional uses The infusion of the A. myriophylla root internally for fever. The extract of the root of A. myriophylla, cotton bush (Gossypium brasiliense), rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) and an Euginia together with the ferns Stenochlaena palustris and Lypodium flexuosum. The boiled leaves as a lotion to treat ear ache by applying on the head.
Medicinal uses Methanol extract of A.myriophylla stem showed broad antifungal activity against six pathogenic Candida species: C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. guilliermondii, C. krusei, C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis.
List of country India, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam and Malaysia.
Albizia myriophylla(Benth.,1844)
https://www.gbif.org/species/2973009 https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/albizia-myriophylla-benth/
Aleurites moluccanus
Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Magnoliopsida Order :Malpghiales Family : Euphorbiaceae Genus :Aleurites Species :Aleurites moluccanus
Synonyms Aleurites ambinux Pers., Aleurites angustifolius Vieill. ex Guillaumin, Aleurites angustifolius Vieill., Aleurites commutatus Geiseler, Aleurites cordifolius (Gaertn.) Steud., Aleurites integrifolius Vieill. ex Guillaumin, Aleurites integrifolius Vieill., Aleurites javanicus Gand., Aleurites lanceolatus Blanco, Aleurites lobatus Blanco, Aleurites pentaphyllus Wall. [Invalid], Aleurites remyi Sherff, Aleurites trilobus J.R.Forst. & G.Forst., Camerium moluccanum (L.) Kuntze, Camirium cordifolium Gaertn., Camirium oleosum Reinw. ex Blume, Dryandra oleifera Lam., Jatropha moluccana L., Mallotus moluccanus (L.) Müll.Arg., Manihot moluccana (L.) Crantz, Ricinus dicoccus Roxb., Rottlera moluccana (L.) Scheff., Telopea perspicua Sol. ex Seem.
Common name Kemiri, kembiri, buah keras, Candlenut tree, Indian walnut, lumbang tree
Characteristics A large, evergreen, monoecious tree, which can grow up to 10-40 m tall, with heavy, irregular and large-leafed crown that appears whitish or frosted from a distance due to a cover of white star-shaped hairs especially on the young parts.
Morphology Leaves Arranged alternate and simple. The stipules are small and early caducous. The petiole is up to 30 cm long and bears a pair of small and green-brown glands at the top on the upper side. The blade in young trees and suckers are subcircular in outline, measures up to 30 cm in diametre, with a cordate base and 3-5 triangular lobes. The blade in adult trees are ovate-triangular or ovate-oblong, measuring 12-23 cm x 6-12 cm, with entire or slightly sinuate margin, pointed at apex, curved and drooping and dark green with a silvery gloss.
Inflorescence 10-20 cm long, thyrsoid and terminal or upper-axillary. The flowers are unisexual, borne on a small pedicel and white. The female flowers terminate the ultimate branchlets of the cymes while the male flowers are much more numerous, smaller, open earlier and arranged around the female flowers in bunches. The sepal is 2-3-lobed at the anthesis. There are 5 lance-shaped petals which are 6-7 mm long in male flowers and 9-10 mm in female ones. There are 5 disk glands. The male flowers are with 10-20 stamens, arranged in 3-4 series with the outer ones free and the inner ones connate whereas the female flowers are 2-4-locular, with hairy ovary and 2-4 deeply bipartite styles.
Fruit Drupaceous, laterally compressed, ovoid-spherical and 2-seeded or semi spherical and 1-seeded, measuring 5-6 cm x 4-7 cm, hairy, indehiscent and olive-green with whitish flesh. The seed is compressed-spherical and measures up to 3 cm x 3 cm. The endocarp is thick, bony and rough while the albumen is thick and rich in oil.
Chemical compound (3α,5β,10α)-13-methoxypodocarpa-8,11,13-triene-3,12-diol, (5β,10α)-12,13-dihydroxypodocarpa-8,11,13-trien-3-one, (5β,10α)-12-hydroxy-13-methoxypodocarpa-8,11,13-trien-3-one, (5β,10α)-13-hydroxy-12-methoxypodocarpa-8,11,13-trien-3-one;2-O-rhamnosylswertisin, 5,6,7-trimethoxycoumarin, 6,7-dimethoxycoumarin, 6,7-dehydromoluccanic acid, 12-hydroxy-13-methylpodocarpa-8,11,13-trien-3-one, 13-O-myristyl-20-O-acetyl-12-deoxyphorbol, acetil, aleuritolic acid, ascorbic-acid, β-carotene, β-sitostenone, calcium, carbohydrates, ent-3α-hydroxypimara-8(14),15-dien-12-one, ent-3β,14α-hydroxypimara-7,9(11),15-triene-12-one, hentriacontane, linoleic-acid, linolenic-acid, moluccanic acid, moluccanic acid methyl ester, moluccanin, oleic-acid, phosphorus, swertisin, tannin, thiamine and spruceanol.
Plant part used Seeds
Traditional uses Treat stomach and bowel disorders in children, asthma, bad breath, skin sores or ulcers, swollen womb and rejuvenation of the body after poisoning. Fresh leaves of A. moluccana are used in poultices for swelling, deep bruises, and other ailments where local concentration of heat and sweating is desired. The boiled leaves are applied externally to treat headaches and gonorrhoea
Medicinal uses Methanol extract of A. molaccana leaves had been demonstrated to have lipid-lowering effects in a dose of 300 mg/kg body weight A. moluccana extract was found to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
List of country India and China, throughout Southeast Asia, to Polynesia and New Zealand.
Aleurites moluccanus (Linnaeus,1753)
https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/aleurites-moluccanus-l-willd/ https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/searchcontinent=ASIA&taxon_key=4930679 https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/66870
Allamanda cathartica
Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Magnoliopsida Order :Gentianales Family :Apocynaceae Genus :Allamanda Species :Allamanda cathartica
Synonyms Allamanda aubletii Pohl, Allamanda chelsonii K.Koch [Invalid], Allamanda grandiflora (Aubl.) Lam. [Illegitimate], Allamanda hendersonii W.Bull ex Dombrain, Allamanda latifolia C.Presl, Allamanda linnaei Pohl, Allamanda schottii Hook. [Illegitimate], Allamanda wardleyana Lebas, Allamanda williamsii auct., Echites salicifolius Willd. ex Roem. & Schult., Echites verticillatus Sessé & Moc., Orelia grandiflora Aubl. [Illegitimate].
Common name Akar chempaka hutan, akar chempaka kuning, bunga akar kuning, Allamanda, buttercup, common allamanda, golden trumpet vine, golden trumpet, yellow allamanda, yellow bell, cherries jubilee allamanda
Characteristics A climbing shrub with sticky, white latex. It can grow up to 50m in length.
Morphology Leaves Dark-green in colour, tapering at the base with acute drip tip. Length up to 15 cm and are arranged in whorls at the nodes.
Flowers Bell-shaped, brilliant yellow in colour, 5-lobed and measures up to 10 cm long.
Fruits Rarely seen, 7cm, bristly seedpod that splits open to release the flat, brown and winged seeds.
Plant part used Leaves and latex
Traditional uses Decoction of the A. cathartica leaves has been used as a purgative or emetic. White latex of A. cathartica was once used to treat worm infestation but the practice has been stopped because of the vomiting and diarrhoea it caused. A steaming infusion is used to relieve coughs and headaches by allowing the patient to breathe in the vapour. A. cathartica has been planted and introduce globally as an ornamental plant.
List of country Brazil
Allamanda cathartica (Linnaeus,1753)
https://www.gbif.org/species/3169836 https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/allamanda-cathartica-l/ https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/1/3/1303
Taxonomy Phylum :Magnoliophyta Class :Liliopsida Order :Asparagales Family :Amarylidaceae Genus :Allium Species :Allium cepa
Synonyms Allium cepa var aggregatum G.Don, Allium angolense Baker, Allium aobanum Araki, Allium ascalonicum auct., Allium cepaeum St.-Lag., Allium commune Noronha, Allium cumaria Buch.-Ham. ex Wall. [Invalid], Allium esculentum Salisb., Allium napus Pall. ex Kunth, Allium nigritanum A.Chev. [Invalid], Allium pauciflorum Willd. ex Ledeb., Allium salota Dostál, Ascalonicum sativum P.Renault, Cepa alba P.Renault, Cepa esculenta Gray, Cepa pallens P.Renault, Cepa rubra P.Renault, Cepa vulgaris Garsault [Invalid], Kepa esculenta Raf., Porrum cepa (L.) Rchb.
Common name Bawang merah, bawang kecil, bawang besar, onion, common onion, shallot onion
Characteristics A biennial herb that is grown as an annual and up to 100 cm tall.
Morphology Leaves Semiterete form, solid at first but later becoming hollow and pale bluish-green. Margin is terete. It is often inflated and hollow in the middle or in the lower part.
Inflorescence Up to 2000 flowers. The tepals are greenish-white to purplish. The stamens are sometimes slightly exceeding tepals and style shorter than stamens at anthesis.
Fruit 4-6 mm in diametre and containing up to 6 seeds. The size of seeds is about 3 mm x 2 mm.
Plant part used Fruits and leaves
Traditional uses The bulb is used as an ingredient in various hearty warm dishes. They are used raw in cold salads, pickling, cooking and frying. Used in the treatment of flatulence, dysentery, and as a stimulant, diuretic and expectorant. Sweet and hot with some heating and diuretic properties The onion is used to control flatulence, phlegm, fever and cough. Seed is to increase vitality, onion seeds are crushed and ingested.
Medicinal uses The bulb cure diuretic An extract of the dried plant was found to have a potent and prolonged hypoclycemic effect on artificially induced diabetes.
List of country South-East Asia, Philippines, Papua New Guinea and Thailand
Allium cepa (Linnaeus,1753)
https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/allium-cepa-l-r/ https://www.gbif.org/species/2857697 https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/5/9/5931 http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:527795-1
Taxonomy Phylum :Magnoliophyta Class :Liliopsida Order :Asparagales Family :Amarylidaceae Genus :Allium Species :Allium sativum
Synonyms Allium arenarium Sadler ex Rchb. [Invalid], Allium controversum Schrad. ex Willd., Allium longicuspis Regel, Allium ophioscorodon Link, Allium pekinense Prokh., Porrum ophioscorodon (Link) Rchb., Porrum sativum (L.) Rchb. [Illegitimate]
Common name Bawang putih, bawang china, bawang puteh, garlic, cultivated garlic
Allium sativum (Linnaeus,1753)