Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Liliopsida Order :Asparagales Family :Amarylidaceae Genus :Allium Species :Allium tuberosum
Synonyms Allium angulosum Lour. [Illegitimate], Allium argyi H.Lév., Allium chinense Maxim. [Illegitimate], Allium clarkei Hook.f., Allium roxburghii Kunth, Allium sulvia Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don, Allium tricoccum Blanco, Allium tuberosum Roxb. [Illegitimate], Allium tuberosum f. yezoense (Nakai) M.Hiroe, Allium uliginosum G.Don, Allium yesoense Nakai, Allium yezoense Nakai, Nothoscordum sulvia (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) Kunth
Common name Bawang kuchai, fragrant- flowered garlic, sweet leek, chinese chives
Characteristics A perennial herb which forms dense clumps. It is 20-40 cm tall with a prominently spreading rhizome from where thick, long and persistent roots emerge.
Morphology Leaves Have 4-9 foliage which are distichous, linear, measuring 13-45 cm x 2-10 mm, flat above, slightly keeled below, not folded lengthwise and suberect or curved. There is 1 peduncle that arises from ground. It is com­pressed, with 2 longitudinal ribs, up to 50 cm long and solid.
Inflorescence 3-5 cm in diameter, umbellate, many-flowered and without bulbils. The spathe is short, per­sistent and opens with 1-3 valves. The pedicels are 14-35 mm long and subequal.
Flowers White, widely opened, star-like and slightly fragrant. The tepals are oblong to ovate and measure 6 mm x 3 mm. The stamens and pistil are up to the length of the tepals.
Fruit Obovoid, measures 5-6 mm long and wide.
Seed Irregularly depressed spherical, measures 3-4 mm long and black.
List of country China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Nepal, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand and United States.
Allium tuberosum (Rottler ex Spreng,1825)
https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/allium-tuberosum-rottler-ex-spreng-r/ https://www.gbif.org/species/2856297
Allomorphia bullata
Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Magnoliopsida Order :Myrtales Family :Melastomataceae Genus :Oxyspora Species :Allomorphia bullata
Synonyms Allomorphia bullata (Griff.) Cogn., Allomorphia malaccensis Ridl.
Common name Senduduk Gajah, Senduduk Hutan, Sijam, Keduduk Gajah, Pakan Rimba, Greater Allomorphia
Characteristics A half-shrub or shrub that can grow up to 180 cm tall. The branches are obtusely quadrangular.
Morphology Leaves Egg-shaped or egg-shaped-oblong which size up to 25 cm x 15 cm.
Inflorescence Large with many flowers
Fruit Urn-shaped
Plant part used Leaves
Traditional uses Can cure itchness especially from the wild plants. The decoction of leaves can drink as a tonic for giving energy to body.
List of country Indo-China, southern China, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and northern Borneo.
Allomorphia bullata (Cogn,1891)
https://www.gbif.org/species/3860117 https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/allomorphia-bullata-cogn/ http://www.natureloveyou.sg/Allomorphia%20bullata/Main.html https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/4256
Allomorphia malaccensis
Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Magnoliopsida Order :Myrtales Family :Melastomataceae Genus :Oxyspora Species :Allomorphia malaccensis
Common name Keduduk gajah, senduduk gajah, tengkuk biawak, pakan rimba, panghong, endebi, lidah buaya, senduduk hutan, keduduk hutan, kayu kadok gajah.
Characteristics A shrub which can grow up to 6 feet tall.
Morphology Leaves Ovate-acuminate with the base usually rounded or very shortly narrow and they measures 25cm long and 15cm wide and their petioles are 7.5-10cm long. There are 5 nerves which are prominent below.
Flowers In small cymes, small, yellowish-green or white in colour. The calyx is goblet shaped measures 0.25cm long and lobes are triangular in shape. The petals are oblong-ovate.
Capsules Urn-shaped and ribbed.
Plant part used Leaves and roots
Traditional uses Used to treat leprosy and parturition (child birth). Decoction of the roots given to treat arthralgia in the elderly. The same decoction was given to women after delivery. Leprosy was treated using plant probably in the form of a poultice.
List of country Malaysia
Allomorphia malaccensis (Ridl.,1918)
https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/allomorphia-malaccensis-ridl/ https://www.gbif.org/species/3859938
Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Magnoliopsida Order :Sapindales Family :Sapindaceae Genus :Allophylus Species :Allophylus cobbe
Synonyms Allophylus serrulatus Radlk.,Allophylus zimmermannianus Gilg ex Engl.,Aphania neoebudica Guillaumin,Aporetica gemellaDC., Cnesmocarpus excelsusZipp. ex Blume,Diplocardia excelsaZipp. ex Blume,Ornitrophe glabra Roxb.,Ornitrophe schmidelia Pers.,Ornitrophe serrata Roxb.,Ornitrophe villosa Roxb.,Picrodendron arboreum(Mill.) Planch.,Rhus cobbeL..,Schmidelia cobbe(L.) DC.,Schmidelia glabra(Roxb.) Steud.,Schmidelia grossedentata Turcz.,Schmidelia macrophylla Zipp. ex Span.,Schmidelia obovata A.Gray,Schmidelia parviflora Zipp. ex Span.,Schmidelia racemosaL.,Schmidelia serrata(Roxb.) DC.,Schmidelia ternata(J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) Cambess.,Usubis triphylla Burm.f.
Common name Chinchang, chunkil, kelampu, tit-berry
Characteristics A monoecious or dioecious, evergreen to partly deciduous, shrub or small to medium-sized tree that can reach up to measures 25 m tall. It is sometimes a woody climber.
Allophylus cobbe (Raeusch.,1797)
https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/allophylus-cobbe-l-raeusch/ https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/5600
Alocasia macrorrhizos
Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Liliopsida Order :Alismatales Family :Araceae Genus :Alocasia Species :Alocasia macrorrhizos
Synonyms Alocasia cordifolia (Bory) Cordem., Alocasia grandis N.E.Br. [Illegitimate], Alocasia indica (Lour.) Spach, Alocasia marginata N.E.Br., Alocasia metallica Schott, Alocasia montana (Roxb.) Schott, Alocasia pallida K.Koch & C.D.Bouché, Alocasia plumbea Van Houtte, Alocasia rapiformis (Roxb.) Schott, Alocasia uhinkii Engl. & K.Krause, Alocasia variegata K.Koch & C.D.Bouché, Arum cordifolium Bory, Arum indicum Lour., Arum macrorrhizon L., Arum montanum Roxb., Arum mucronatum Lam., Arum peregrinum L., Arum rapiforme Roxb., Caladium indicum K.Koch [Invalid], Caladium macrorrhizon (L.) R.Br., Caladium metallicum Engl., Caladium odoratum Lodd., Caladium plumbeum K.Koch [Invalid], Calla badian Blanco, Calla maxima Blanco, Colocasia boryi Kunth, Colocasia indica (Lour.) Kunth, Colocasia macrorrhizos (L.) Schott, Colocasia montana (Roxb.) Kunth, Colocasia mucronata (Lam.) Kunth, Colocasia peregrina (L.) Raf., Colocasia rapiformis (Roxb.) Kunth, Philodendron peregrinum (L.) Kunth, Philodendron punctatum Kunth
Common name Birah negeri, keladi sebaring, keladi sebarang, birah, giant taro, giant alocasia, elephant ear , large taro, roasting coco , Australian cabbage, bg-rooted taro, Indomalayan alocasia, kopeh root, Kuanyin lotus, spoon lily, taro, wild coco, wild taro
Characteristics A very large herb that can reach up to 400 cm tall with erect or decumbent stem.
Morphology Leaves Not peltate with a size of 80 cm x 60 cm. The petiole is up to 130 cm long but not mottled. The spadix is 13-20 cm long.
Plant part used Leaves, tuber and roots
Traditional uses Leaves are traditionally used as astringent, styptic and antitumour. The root and leaf is used as rubefacient. A decoction of the leaf and stem is used in a bath for treatment of skin conditions like itching and burns. A poultice of the fresh leaves helps in improving circulation, prevent bursting and reduce pain attributed to varicose veins. The steamed oiled leaves can help relieve rheumatic pains by applied around painful joints overnight. Toasted, powdered leave speed up wound healing. A. macrorrhiza tuber is used to treat influenza, high fever and malaria, diarrhoea, typhoid fever, rheumatic, pulmonary tuberculosis and tuberculous lymphadenopathy, headache, abscesses, ringworm, leucorrhoea, and venomous bites of snakes, dogs and insects. It can be eaten after being put through a detoxifying process where the oxalate content is eliminated. The process of detoxifying can be apply by soaked the slice of tuber in water for 7 days with the water being changed daily. This is then dried and ready for use. A. macrorrhiza rootstock is considered mild laxative and diuretic and been used in inflammations and diseases of the abdomen and spleen. It also has used in the treatment of scorpion sting amongst the Indian traditional practitioners.
Medicinal uses It was found that the edible parts of A. macrorrhiza exhibit potent antioxidant activity and this is especially seen in the diethyl ether extract. Another study showed that the hydroalcoholic extract of the leaves showed potent antioxidant activities as demonstrated in various antioxidant models of screening. Ethanol extract of A. indica leaves possesses potent antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities in a dose dependent manner. This is probably attributed to the antioxidant activities detected in this extract. Hydroalcoholic extracts of A. indica leaves administrated orally was found to effectively inhibit CCl4 and paracetamol induced liver damage. A. macrorrhiza tuber was found to contain a trypsin/chymotrypsin inhibitor specifically inhibited human trypsin but not human chymotrypsin. The lectin of A. macrorrhiza was found to have mitogenic potentials towards human peripheral blood lymphocytes. The lectins were found to be T-cell mitogens and do not indue DNA synthesis in B-enriched lymphocytes. The proliferation kinetic studies showed maximum incorporation on day 3 and the mitogenic response was inhibited by asialofetuin in a dose dependent manner.
List of country Malaysia and Oceania
Alocasia macrorrhizos (Linnaeus,1753)
https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/alocasia-macrorrhizos-l-g-don-105813/ https://www.gbif.org/species/5329904
Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Liliopsida Order :Asparagales Family :Asphodelaceae Genus :Aloe Species :Aloe vera
Synonyms Aloe barbadensis Mill., Aloe chinensis Steud. ex Baker, Aloe elongata Murray, Aloe flava Pers., Aloe indica Royle, Aloe lanzae Tod., Aloe maculata Forssk. [Illegitimate], Aloe rubescens DC., Aloe variegate Forssk. [Illegitimate], Aloe vulgaris Lam.
Common name Lidah buaya (Peninsular); bunga raja raja (Sabah), barbados aloe, curaçao aloe, coastal aloe, Indian aloe, medicinal aloe, mediterranean aloe, true aloe, west indian aloe
Characteristics A perennial shrub with 30-40 cm high.
Morphology Leaves Whether erect or slightly spreading, about 16 blades per plant, 40-50 cm x 6-7 cm in dimension, narrowly triangular, the upper surface greenish-grey to pale green together with spots and the lower blade usually lighter. The leave margin firm with minute deltoid pale teeth that measure 2 mm long. Root In the form of taproot, 5-10 cm long with abundant secondary root at the top of the soil. The root form a dense group and the secondary shoot that rise from the root gives rise to a new plant. The stem is short
Inflorescence Spike, simple and rarely branched, 60-100 cm tall, densely flowered with yellow, orange or red in colour. The anther and stigma is exserted.
Fruit The form of capsule, ovoid and whitish green. The seed is numerous.
Root In the form of taproot and 5-10 cm long with abundant secondary root at the top of the soil. The root form a dense group and the secondary shoot that rise from the root gives rise to a new plant. The stem is short.
Chemical compound Naphthalene derivative (e.g. aloveroside A, aloveroside B) and phenyl pyrones (e.g. ρ-coumaroyl aloenin, aloenin B, 10-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl aloenin, aloenin-2′-ρ-coumaroyl ester, aloenin aglycone), Methanol extract of dried A. vera powder has been reported to contain chromones (e.g. chrysophanol, 7-hydroxy-2,5-dimethylchromone, saiko-chromone A, 5-((S)-2′-oxo-4′-hydroxypentyl)-2-hydroxymethylchromone, 5-((S)-2′-oxo-4′-hydroxypentyl)-2-(β-glucopyranosyl-oxy-methyl)-chromone, 5-(hydroxymethyl)-7-methoxy-2-methylchromone, 5-((4E)-2′-oxo-pentenyl)-2-hydroxymethylchromone, 7-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylchromone, cinnamoyl-C-glycoside chromone, aloesin, 8-C-glucosyl-(R)-aloesol, 8-C-glucosyl-7-O-methyl-(S)-aloesol, and isoaloeresin D) and antraquinone (e.g. 10-hydroxyaloin A, 10-hydroxyaloin B, aloe-emodin, barbaloin/aloin A, isobarbaloin/aloin B). It contain anthraquinone dimers (e.g. elgnica dimer A and elgnica dimer B), glycoproteins (e.g. aloctin A), fatty acids (e.g. β-sitosterol, cholesterol, campesterol), polysaccharides (e.g. acemannan, neutral and acidic polysaccharides (consisted of glucose, galactose, mannose, glucuronic acid or uronic acid)) and prostaglandins.
Plant part used Leaves and gel
Traditional uses Used as a topical treatment for burns, wounds, various other skin conditions and has also been used orally as a laxative. A. vera gel find its application primarily acted as skin healer and prevents injury of epithelial tissues, cures acne and gives a youthful glow to skin and also acts as extremely powerful laxative. As a resource of functional food, especially for the preparation of health food drinks and other beverages including tea .
Medicinal uses The gel significantly (p<0.05) reduced the vasodilation, increased the postcapillary venular permeability as encountered in the untreated burn, increased the arteriolar diameter up to normal condition, reduced the amount of leukocyte adhesion as observed and showed that the postcapillary venular permeability was not different from the sham controls. It orally to several reagents (kaolin carrageenan, albumin, dextran, gelatin, and mustard) induced-hind paw rats showed remarkable anti-inflammatory activity especially in gelatin-induced and kaolin-induced edema and showed lowest activity for dextran-induced edema, dependent on the presence of anthraquinones in the extract. Aloe-emodin (AE), a hydroxyanthraquinone constituent of A. vera leaves inhibited the growth of human neuroectodermal tumors in mice through the induction of apoptosis, where the selectivity against neuroectodermal tumor cells was founded on a specific energy-dependent pathway of drug incorporation. A combination of acemannan (ACE-M) extracted from A. vera with suboptimal noncytotoxic concentrations of azidothymidine (AZT) synergistically acted to inhibit the replication of HIV-1 or with acyclovir (ACY) to inhibit herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1).
List of country Africa, Southern Arabia, Madagascar, West Indies and Bahamas, Southern USA, Mexico, Central America, Arabia, other parts of Asia and Australia
Aloe vera (Burm.f.,1768)
https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/aloe-vera-l-burm-f/ https://www.gbif.org/species/2777724 https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/1/6/1643
Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Magnoliopsida Order :Gentianales Family :Apocynaceae Genus :Alstonia Species :Alstonia scholaris
Synonyms Echites scholaris L., Pala scholaris (L.) Roberty
Common name Pulai (Peninsular), kacau gitik, gite' ( Sarawak),white cheesewood, milkwood, blackboard tree, common alstonia, devil tree, devil’s wood tree, dita bark, dita bark tree, dried njau, Indian pulai, milky pine, shaitan wood
Characteristics A medium-sized to large tree that can grow up to 10-50(-60) m tall.
Morphology Leaves In whorls of 4-8(-9), narrowly elliptical to obovate, measuring (5-)6-17(-22) cm x (1.5-)2.5-7.5(-8.5) cm, obtuse or rounded at apex and with 25-45(-55) pairs of secondary veins. The petiole is 5-20(-25) mm long. Buttresses Stout and measure up to 10 m tall which spread out at the base for up to 4 m. The outer bark is brown or yellowish-white, smooth but coming off evenly in small papery flakes, with horizontally enlarged lenticels and hoops while the inner bark is yellow to brown usually tinged yellowish and with copious white latex. Inflorescence Mostly formed of dense bunches of flowers and many-flowered while the pedicel is 0-2 mm long. The sepal is soft hairy while the petal is hairy outside. Follicles are hairless.
Chemical compound Picrinine-types of monoterpenoid indole alkaloids (e.g. 5-methoxyaspidophylline, picralinal and 5-methoxystrictamine), C13-norisoprenoids (e.g. megastigmane-3β, 4α, 9-triol and 7-megastigmene-3, 6, 9-triol), 2,3-secofernane triterpenoids (e.g. alstonic acids A and alstonic acids B) and indole alkaloid (e.g. N1-methoxymethyl picrinine) , 19-epischolarine, Nb-methyl-scholarine, Na- metylburnamine, vallesamine Nb-oxide, 6,7-seco-19,20-epoxyyanggustibobine B , lagunamine (19-hydroxytubotaiwine), angustilobine B acid, losbanine (6,7-seco-6-nor-angustilobine B), and tubotaiwine. Bark has been reported to contain 17-O-Acetylechitamine and echitamine. Stem bark has been reported to contain alkaloids (e.g. alstonidine, alstonine, alstovenine, chlorogenic acid, chlorogenine, ditain, ditaine, ditamine, echicaoutchin, echicerin, echiretin, echitamine, echitein, echitenin, echitin, porphyrine, porphyrosine, reserpine, venenatine, villalstonine pleiocarpamine, O-methylmacralstonine, macralstonine O-acetylmacralstonine, villalstonine, macrocarpamine, corialstonine and corialstonidine) and triterpenoids (e.g. lupeol linoleate, lupeol palmitate and alpha-amyrin linoleate). Other alkaloids that had been isolated are nareline methyl ether, nareline ethyl ether , 5-epi-nareline ethyl ether, picrinine, scholaricine and scholarine-N(4)oxide, 12-methoxyechitamidine , 19,20-[E]-vallesamine, angustilobine, B-N4-oxide, 20(S)-tubotaiwine and 6,7-seco-angustilobine.
Plant part used Bark and leaves
Traditional uses The poultice of the roasted and pulverised A. scholaris tender leaves is used as a local stimulant to unhealthy ulcers with foul discharges. The leaves juice together with fresh ginger or zedoary is given to women after confinement. The milky juice has been traditionally used to treat ulcers, and mixed with oil as a remedy for ear-ache. The bark is considered acrid, bitter, heating, oleaginous, appetiser, laxative, anthelmintic, galactagogue, heart problems, asthma, leucoderma, ulcersm, blood problems, “tridosha”, pains, tumours, very good for chronic ulcers and carries of the teeth. It has been used as an astringent tonic, anthelmintic, alterative and antiperiodic. The bark is a valuable remedy in chronic diarrhoea and dysentery as well as catarrhal fever. Bark is used for snake-bite and scorpion-sting in combination with the other drugs. It also used for stomachache by ground the bark with water, strained and drinks it while the residue is being rubbed over the pit of the stomach. The fresh bark in milk is given for leprosy, dyspepsia and as anthelminthic. Root is used to treat pain because of the enlarged liver.
Medicinal uses Have a major alkaloid, alstonine has antitumor activity in YC8 lymphoma and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells. Bisindole and villalstonine showed marked activity against human cancer cell lines, MOR-P (adenocarcinoma), COR-L23 (large cell carcinoma) cell lines although in these cells, pleiocarpamine, Omethylmacralstonine and macralstonine were much less active than villalstonine. Oacetylmacralstonine, villalstonine and macrocarpamine were cytotoxic to human cancer cell lines, MOR-P, COR-L23 StMI1 1a (melanoma), Caki-2 (renal cell carcinoma), MCF7 (breast adenocarcinoma) and LS174T (colon adenocarcinoma). The leaves of Alstonia scholaris possessed the highest inhibitory effect for two sugar compounds which are sucrase and maltase when compared with Cratoxylum mangayi and Dillenia indica.
List of country Sri Lanka, India through mainland Southeast Asia, southern China, throughout Malaysia, to northern Australia, Bismarck Archipelago and Solomon Islands.
Alstonia scholaris (Linnaeus,1767)
https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/alstonia-scholaris-l-r-br/ https://www.gbif.org/species/5414410 https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/2/7/2705 https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/31296
Taxonomy Phylum :Magnoliophyta Class :Magnoliopsida Order :Caryophyllales Family :Amaranthaceae Genus :Alternanthera Species :Alternanthera sessilis
Synonyms Achyranthes linearifolia Sw. ex Wikstr., Achyranthes sessilis (L.) Besser, Achyranthes triandra Roxb., Achyranthes villosa Blanco, Allaganthera forsskaolei Mart., Alternanthera achyranthes Forssk., Alternanthera achyranthoides Hiern, Alternanthera achyranthoides Forssk., Alternanthera angustifolia R.Br., Alternanthera denticulata R.Br., Alternanthera dubia Moq. [Illegitimate], Alternanthera ficoides P.Beauv., Alternanthera glabra Moq., Alternanthera major (Benth.) Domin, Alternanthera micrantha (Benth.) Domin [Illegitimate], Alternanthera nana R.Br., Alternanthera nodiflora R.Br., Alternanthera polygonoides (L.) R.Br. ex Sweet, Alternanthera prostrata D.Don, Alternanthera repens J.F.Gmel., Alternanthera sennii Mattei, Alternanthera sibirica (De Vest ex Roem. & Schult.) Steud., Alternanthera tenella Moq. [Illegitimate], Alternanthera tenuissima Suess., Alternanthera triandra Lam. [Illegitimate], Alternanthera uliginosa (Domin) Dinter, Gomphrena brasiliensis Moq. [Invalid], Gomphrena polygonoides L., Gomphrena sessilis L., Illecebrum sessile (L.) L., Paronychia sessilis (L.) Desf.
Common name Keremak, pudoh, kermak bukit, dwarf copperleaf, sessile-flowered globe amaranth, sessile joyweed, water amaranth
Characteristics A perennial but sometimes annual herb that can grow up to 1 m tall. It is erect, ascending or creeping, often widely branched, with robust taproot, solid stems, sometimes floating in water and then fistulose in lower part and with smooth hairs.
Morphology Leaves Linear-lance-shaped, oblong to ovate or obovate, measuring 1-15 cm x 0.5-3 cm, and hairless or sparsely hairy. The petiole is 1-5 mm long. Flowering heads Sessile with 1-veined tepals or only 3-veined at the very base, shiny white or purplish. The filaments are united at base into a very short cup. Fruit Obreniform, corky and measures about 2 mm long.
Chemical compound β-carotene , ricinoleic acid, myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids, α-spirasterol, uronic acid, β-sitosterol and contain 33.26% of lutein out of the total carotenoids.
Plant part used Whole plant, leaves, shoots and root
Traditional uses Can alleviate dementia. It is also used in the treatment of women’s genitourinary infections, vaginal discharge and post-partum haemorrhage. Used internally against intestinal inflammation and fever, and externally to treat wounds. Entire plant is used as an infusion to treat intestinal cramps, diarrhoea and dysentery and externally as a cooling agent to treat fever. Can treat hepatitis, tight chest, bronchitis, asthma and lung troubles, to stop bleeding and as a hair tonic. Indian used it as a remedy for dysentery, as a cholagogue, abortifacient, febrifuge, to treat snake bites and inflamed wounds and boils. A. sessilis roots are used for stomachache.
Medicinal uses The antioxidant activity of A. sessilis was measured by α,α-diphenyl-β-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity. The ethanol extract of A. sessilis showed 70% free radical scavenging activity. In the hydroxyl radical scavenging activity assay, A. sessilis showed 50% hydroxyl radical scavenging activity which in the anti-FeCl2-H2O2-stimulated linoleic acid peroxidation system, A. sessilis (2-8 mg) inhibited malondialdehyde (MDA) formation by 11.6 to 30.6%. A. sessilis reduced the peroxide value of heated groundnut and sunflower oil up to 4 weeks of storage. The polyphenol content of the leaves was 25 mg/g.
List of country America, Africa, Asia and throughout Malaysia.
Alternanthera sessilis (Linnaeus, 1753)
https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/alternanthera-sessilis-l-r-br-ex-dc/ https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/31304 https://www.gbif.org/species/9433052 https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/2/7/2705
Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Magnoliopsida Order :Gentianales Family :Apocynaceae Genus :Alyxia Species :Alyxia reinwardtii
Synonyms Alyxia aromatica Reinw. ex A.DC., Alyxia calcicola Markgr., Alyxia cinerea Bakh.f., Alyxia flavescens Pierre ex Pit., Alyxia forbesii King & Gamble, Alyxia jasminae Tsiang & P.T.Li, Alyxia kerrii Mabb., Alyxia kurzii Burkill, Alyxia lucida Wall., Alyxia lucida var. meiantha Stapf, Alyxia nitens Kerr, Alyxia odorata Wall. ex G.Don, Alyxia oleifera var. tenuifolia Ridl., Alyxia pisiformis Pierre ex Pit., Alyxia pumila Hook.f., Alyxia quinata Miq., Alyxia reinwardtii var. cinerea (Bakh.f.) Markgr., Alyxia reinwardtii var. insularis Markgr., Alyxia reinwardtii var. latifolia (Blume) Bakh.f., Alyxia reinwardtii var. meiantha (Stapf) Markgr., Alyxia reinwardtii var. obovaluta Markgr., Alyxia reinwardtii var. pumila (Hook.f.) Markgr., Alyxia stellata var. latifolia Blume, Alyxia winckelii Bakh.f., Gynopogon brevifolius Kurz, Gynopogon flavescens Pierre [Invalid], Gynopogon pisiformis Pierre [Invalid], Gynopogon pumilus (Hook.F.) K. Schum., Gynopogon reinwardtii (Blume) Koord., Pulassarium breviflorum (Kurz) Kuntze, Pulassarium flavescens Pierre [Invalid], Pulassarium odoratum (Wall. ex G.Don) Kuntze, Pulassarium pisiforme Pierre [Invalid], Pulassarium pumilum (Hook.f.) Kuntze, Pulassarium quinatum (Miq.) Kuntze.
Common name Mempelasari, pulasari, akar bagan, alyxia cinnamon, forbes alyxia
Characteristics A climbing shrub freely branching with younger branches quadrangular and pubescent. They are covered with smooth, shining, brown or mahagony-coloured bark.
Morphology Leaves Opposite and in young branches are quatern, obovate, acute, sometimes obtuse, coriaceous, shining above and smooth. They measure 7.5-10 cm long. Flowers Small, yellowish white, fragrant, pubescent and in corymbs appearing axillary. The bracts are linear and villous. The calyx is villous and deeply divided into five linear teeth. The lobe of the limb is oblong, about as long as the tube, which is a little pubescent within. The ovary is villous with capillary and long style. The stigma is sub-capitate. Drupes Two on each calyx, oval, subacute, of a pale ferruginous colour, obscurely eight furrowed and single seeded.
Plant part used Bark
Traditional uses The bark of A. reinwardtii is also known as white cinnamon and is used as spice and to impart fragrance to stored clothing. It has carminative properties and is used in the treatment of dyspepsia and flatulence.
Medicinal uses The methanol leaf extract of A. reinwardtii exhibited mild antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei ANKA strain. The ethanol extract of A. reinwardtii exhibited significant inhibitory activity on xanthine oxidase with IC50 of 230.1 8 µg/mL.
List of country Malaysia, Indonesia and Madagascar
Alyxia reinwardtii (Blume,1823)
https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/alyxia-reinwardtii-blume/ https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/31121 https://www.gbif.org/species/7317401
Amaranthus spinosus
Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Magnoliopsida Order :Caryophyllales Family :Amaranthaceae Genus :Amaranthus Species :Amaranthus spinosus
Synonyms Galliaria spitosa (L.) Nieuwl., Amaranthus spinosus var. viridicaulis Hassk., Amaranthus spinosus var. rubricaulis Hassk., Amaranthus spinosus var. pygmaeus Hassk., Amaranthus spinosus var. purpurascens Moq., Amaranthus spinosus f. inermis Lauterb. & K.Schum., Amaranthus spinosus var. indehiscens Thell., Amaranthus spinosus var. circumscissus Thell., Amaranthus spinosus var. basiscissus Thell.
Common name Bayam duri, bayam hutan, spiny amaranth, prickly amaranth, spiny pigweed
Characteristics An annual, erect monoecious herb up to 100(-130) cm tall and it is much branched.
Morphology Leaves Arranged alternate, simple and entire, ovate-lance-shaped to rhomboid, measuring 3.5-11 cm x 1-4.5 cm, acute and slightly decurrent at base, obtuse, rounded or slightly retuse and often short mucronate at apex, hairless or slightly hairy on veins when young. The petiole is rather long and approximately as long as leaf blade. Stipules are absent. Inflorescence Consists of dense clusters. The lower ones are axillary while the higher ones are often collected in an axillary and terminal spike which is often branched in its lower part. The axillary clusters are usually armed with (1-)2(-3) very sharp spines up to 2 cm long. The flowers are solitary in the axil of a bract, subtended by 2 bracteoles, with scarious bracts and bracteoles, mucronate from a broad base, shorter or as long as the perianth and unisexual. The male flowers are usually arranged in a terminal spike above the base of the inflorescence and it is green. There are 5 tepals or often 3 in male flowers, free, subequal, ovate-oblong to oblong-spatulate, measure up to 2.5 mm long, very convex, membranous, with transparent margins and green or purple median band. There are 5 stamens and they are about as long as tepals. The ovary is superior, oblong, 1-celled, with 2-3 styles and ultimately recurved. Fruit An oblong utricle with persisting styles, circumscissile a little below the middle or indehiscent and 1-seeded. Seed About 1 mm in diametre, shiny black or brownish-black with thin margin. Seedling is with epigeal germination. Cotyledons are leafy and hairless while apex is rounded to slightly acute. The hypocotyl is up to 12 mm long while epicotyl is absent.
Chemical compound A. spinosus has been reported to contain 7-p-coumaroyl apigenin 4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, coumaroyl flavone glycoside (such as spinoside, xylofuranosyl uracil, β-D-ribofuranosyl adenine, β-sitosterol glucoside, hydroxycinnamates, quercetin and kaempferol glycosides), betalains, betaxanthin, betacyanin, amaranthine and isoamaranthine, gomphrenin, betanin, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, linoleic acid, 0.15% rutin and β-carotene.
Plant part used Root, leaf and tender shoot.
Traditional uses A. spinosus is used to treat diarrhea. The leaves of Amaranthus spinosus was reported to be used to treat tuberculosis. The tender shoot of Amaranthus spinosus is used to promote the secretion of milk among nursing mothers. The roots of the plant are used to treat indigestion.
Medicinal uses The dichloromethane extract of A. spinosus (2mg/mL) was moderately inhibitory to Blastocystis hominis, a common human protozoan. The reference anti-protozoan agent, metronidazole (40 µg/mL) killed 97% of the protozoan and inhibited all protozoan samples at concentrations of 1.25-20 µg/mL. Methanol extract of A. spinosus extract (25-100 mg/kg) showed anti-inflammatory activity by significantly inhibited carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and produced significant inhibition of acetic acid-induced increase in vascular permeability indicating that the extract has anti-inflammatory activity. The extract (25-100 mg/kg) elicited a significant reduction in castor oil-induced diarrhea. The aqueous extract of A. spinosus bark obtained from mature stems was screened for antimalarial properties in mice inoculated with erythrocytes parasitized with Plasmodium berghei berghei.
List of country Southeast Asia, South America and Central America
Amaranthus spinosus (Linnaeus, 1753)
https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/amaranthus-spinosus-l-105816/ https://www.gbif.org/species/5384401 https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/31730
Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Magnoliopsida Order :Apiales Family :Apiaceae Genus :Ammi Species :Ammi visnaga
Synonyms Ammi dilatatum St.-Lag., Ammi visnaga var. hybernonsis Sennen, Ammi visnaga var. longibracteatum Zohary, Ammi visnaga var. paui Sennen, Apium visnaga (L.) Crantz, Carum visnaga (L.) Koso-Pol., Daucus gingidium L. ex DC. [Invalid], Daucus laevis Salisb., Daucus visnaga L., Selinum visnaga Krause, Sium visnaga (L.) Stokes, Visnaga daucoides Gaertn., Visnaga vera Raf. [Unresolved]
Common name Bishop’s weed, pick-tooth, spanish carrot, tooth pick
Characteristics An annual or biennial herb growing from a taproot erect to a maximum height of about 1.0 m. The stems are erect and highly branched.
Morphology Leaves Up to 20 cm long and generally oval to triangular in shape but dissected into many small linear to lance-shaped segments. Inflorescence A compound umbel of white flowers and highly swollen at the base, later on it becomes woody and used as toothpicks. Flowers Pentamerous, tetracyclic with radial symmetry, bearing five stamens and inferior ovary composed from two united carpels. Fruit A compressed oval-shaped structure consisting of two mericarpes and around 3 mm in length. Root Fattened and looks like the root of the carrot.
Chemical compound Essential oil of A. visnaga fresh aerial parts obtained by hydroldistillation has been reported to contain isobutyl isobutyrate, linalool, 2,2-dimethylbutanoic acid, bornyl acetate, thymol and croweacin. Essential oil of A. visnaga dried fruit obtained by coventional hydroldistillation has been reported to contain α-thujene, 3-methylpentenol, β-myrcene, methylbutyl 2-methylbutaoate, α-isophorone, 2-nonyne, hexenyl isobutanoate, endo-fenchyl acetate, geranyl acetate, lavandulyl acetate, citronellyl propionate, neryl isobutanoate, lavandulyl 2-methylbutanoate, α-damascone, (Z,E)-farnesal and in trace amount of other components. A. visnaga seeds fat has been reported to contain fatty acids composition of the of palmitic acid 5%, petroselinic acid 50%, oleic acid 32%, and linoleic acid 13%. Chloroform extract of A. visnaga fruits has been reported to contain furanochromone such as khellin and visnagin. Methanol extract of A. visnaga fruits has been reported to contain furanochromone glycoside such as khellol glycoside.
Plant part used Aerial parts and oil
Traditional uses A. visnaga was traditionally used in the Mediterranean for the treatment of heart conditions for thousands of years. It is thought that the mechanism of action is similar to calcium channel blocking drugs. This oil from this herb was also used in the treatment of kidney stones. Intal, an asthma drug widely used with conventional medicine, is derived chemically from khellin, a major constituent of the plant A. Visnaga along with NasalChrom. Khellin is structurally similar to psoralen and may stimulate melanine synthesis. The plant and its extracts are also popular in the treatment of vitiligo and psoriasis and are used as a lithotriptic agent. It is generally used to dilate bronchial, urinary and blood vessels without affecting blood pressure. It is also internally used as an emmenagogue to regulate menstruation, as a diuretic and in the treatment of vertigo, diabetes and kidney stones. An infusion of the aerial parts has also been used to treat headaches.
Medicinal uses Essential oil extracted from A. visnaga flowering shoot showed antibacterial activity when tested against several resistant bacteria such as Streptococcus viridans, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus acidophilus after 2 days. The topical application of A. visnaga for hair loss has been studied. A lotion for hair scalp composed of visnadin and other constituents led to an increase in arterial and arteriolar sphygmic activity in the subpapillary plexus, leading to an improvement in local microcirculatory flow. A. visnaga extract or its active principals exert a relaxant effect on smooth muscles, even those of coronary arteries. It was found that intravenous injection of visnagin lowered the blood pressure with no change in the heart rate.
List of country Mediterranean area, North and South America, Egypt, Tunisia and Morocco.
https://www.gbif.org/species/3034183 https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/ammi-visnaga-l-lam/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7024292/
Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Liliopsida Order :Zingiberales Family :Zingiberaceae Genus :Amomum Species :Amomum uliginosum
Synonyms Amomum ovoideum Pierre ex Gagnep., Amomum robustum K.Schum., Amomum uliginosum Koenig, Cardamomum uliginosum (J.Koenig) Kuntze, Wurfbainia uliginosa (J.Koenig) Giseke
Common name Puar hijau, puar gajah, tepus merah (Peninsular)
Characteristics A large herb that can grow measures up to 300 cm tall, with subterranean, long and much branched rhizome while the leafy shoots are widely apart.
Morphology Leaves Narrowly lance-shaped, measuring up to 50 cm x 7 cm and with caudate apex. Inflorescence Small and spherical, measures up to 5 cm long while on the peduncle it is up to 10 cm long. The bracts are measures 2.5-3 cm long, about 2 cm long bracteoles and tubular at the base. Flowers Have with petal tube that are as long as or slightly longer than the sepal. The labellum is ovate and strongly concave, white, sometimes with 2 dark red spots at the base and with a dark crimson stripe on each side. The anther is with a 3-lobed appendage, which having spreads at the side lobes. Fruit Up to 2 cm long that is covered by slender and soft red spines.
Plant part used Leaves, rhizomes and seeds
Traditional uses The rhizomes are possibly used as a stomache. The whole plant is used in post-partum saunas.
List of country Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia and Indonesia.
Amomum uliginosum (J.Koenig,1783)
https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/amomum-uliginosum-j-koenig-r/ http://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Amomum+uliginosum https://www.gbif.org/species/8320991
Amorphophallus paeoniifolius
Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Liliopsida Order :Alismatales Family :Araceae Genus :Amorphophallus Species :Amorphophallus paeoniifolius
Synonyms Amorphophallus campanulatus Decne., Amorphophallus chatty Andrews, Amorphophallus decurrens (Blanco) Kunth, Amorphophallus dixenii K.Larsen & S.S.Larsen, Amorphophallus dubius Blume, Amorphophallus giganteus Blume [Illegitimate], Amorphophallus gigantiflorus Hayata, Amorphophallus malaccensis Ridl., Amorphophallus microappendiculatus Engl., Amorphophallus rex Prain,, Amorphophallus sativus Blume, Amorphophallus virosus N.E.Br., Arum campanulatum Roxb. [Illegitimate], Arum decurrens Blanco, Arum phalliferum Oken, Arum rumphii Gaudich. [Illegitimate], Arum rumphii Oken, Candarum hookeri Schott [Illegitimate], Candarum roxburghii Schott [Illegitimate], Candarum rumphii Schott [Illegitimate], Conophallus giganteus Schott ex Miq. [Illegitimate], Conophallus sativus (Blume) Schott, Dracontium paeoniifolium Dennst., Dracontium polyphyllum Dennst. [Illegitimate], Dracontium polyphyllum G.Forst., Hydrosme gigantiflora (Hayata) S.S.Ying, Kunda verrucosa Raf. [Illegitimate], Plesmonium nobile Schott, Pythion campanulatum Mart.
Common name Loki, ubi kekek, lokai, ubi kekek, hakai, miok, elephant yam, telinga potato, elephant’s foot, elephant’s foot yam, telingo patato, telugu potato, whites-spot giant arum, corpse flower, leopard palm
Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.,1977)
Anacardium occidentale
Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Magnoliopsida Order :Sapindales Family :Anacardiaceae Genus :Anacardium Species :Anacardium occidentale
Synonyms Acajuba occidentalis (L.) Gaertn., Anacardium microcarpum Ducke, Cassuvium pomiferum Lam., Cassuvium reniforme Blanco, Cassuvium solitarium Stokes
Common name Gajus, jambu monyet , gajus,jambu golok, jambu mede, kajus, janggus, kanjus, janggar, jambu terong, bunga kekasar, jambu irong, ketereh, cashew, cashew nut
Anacardium occidentale (Linnaeus, 1753)
Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Liliopsida Order :Poales Family :Bromeliaceae Genus :Ananas Species :Ananas comosus
Synonyms Ananas ananas (L.) H.Karst. ex Voss [Invalid], Ananas argentata J.C.Wendl. ex Schult. & Schult.f., Ananas aurata J.C.Wendl. ex Schult. & Schult.f., Ananas bracteatus Baker, Ananas coccineus Descourt., Ananas debilis Schult. & Schult.f., Ananas lyman-smithii Camargo [Invalid], Ananas maxima Schult. & Schult.f., Ananas monstrosus (Carrière) L.B.Sm., Ananas ovatus Mill., Ananas pancheanus André, Ananas penangensis Baker, Ananas porteanus Veitch ex K.Koch, Ananas pyramidalis Mill., Ananas sativus Schult. & Schult.f., Ananas serotinus Mill., Ananas viridis Mill., Ananassa ananas (L.) H.Karst., Ananassa debilis Lindl., Ananassa monstrosa Carrière, Ananassa porteana (Veitch ex K.Koch) Carrière, Ananassa sativa (Schult. & Schult.f.) Lindl. ex Beer, Bromelia ananas L., Bromelia communis Lam., Bromelia comosa L., Bromelia edulis Salisb. [Illegitimate], Bromelia mai-pouri Perrier, Bromelia pigna Perrier, Bromelia rubra Schult. & Schult.f., Bromelia violacea Schult. & Schult.f., Bromelia viridis (Mill.) Schult. & Schult.f., Distiacanthus communis (Lam.) Rojas Acosta.
Common name Nanas, nanas pager, nanas hijau, pineapple, ananas, rain tree
Ananas comosus (Linnaeus,1753)
Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Magnoliopsida Order :Magnoliales Family :Annonaceae Genus :Anaxagorea Species :Anaxagorea javanica
Anaxagorea javanica (Blume, 1830)
Ancistrocladus tectorius
Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Magnoliopsida Order :Caryophyllales Family :Ancistrocladaceae Genus :Ancistrocladus Species :Ancistrocladus tectorius
Andrographis paniculata
Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Magnoliopsida Order :Lamiales Family :Acanthaceae Genus :Andrographis Species :Andrographis paniculata
Andrographis paniculata (Nees,1832)
Anethum graveolens
Angelica sinensis (Diels.,1900)