Amaranthus spinosus
Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Magnoliopsida Order :Caryophyllales Family :Amaranthaceae Genus :Amaranthus Species :Amaranthus spinosus
Synonyms Galliaria spitosa (L.) Nieuwl., Amaranthus spinosus var. viridicaulis Hassk., Amaranthus spinosus var. rubricaulis Hassk., Amaranthus spinosus var. pygmaeus Hassk., Amaranthus spinosus var. purpurascens Moq., Amaranthus spinosus f. inermis Lauterb. & K.Schum., Amaranthus spinosus var. indehiscens Thell., Amaranthus spinosus var. circumscissus Thell., Amaranthus spinosus var. basiscissus Thell.
Common name Bayam duri, bayam hutan, spiny amaranth, prickly amaranth, spiny pigweed
Characteristics An annual, erect monoecious herb up to 100(-130) cm tall and it is much branched.
Morphology Leaves Arranged alternate, simple and entire, ovate-lance-shaped to rhomboid, measuring 3.5-11 cm x 1-4.5 cm, acute and slightly decurrent at base, obtuse, rounded or slightly retuse and often short mucronate at apex, hairless or slightly hairy on veins when young. The petiole is rather long and approximately as long as leaf blade. Stipules are absent. Inflorescence Consists of dense clusters. The lower ones are axillary while the higher ones are often collected in an axillary and terminal spike which is often branched in its lower part. The axillary clusters are usually armed with (1-)2(-3) very sharp spines up to 2 cm long. The flowers are solitary in the axil of a bract, subtended by 2 bracteoles, with scarious bracts and bracteoles, mucronate from a broad base, shorter or as long as the perianth and unisexual. The male flowers are usually arranged in a terminal spike above the base of the inflorescence and it is green. There are 5 tepals or often 3 in male flowers, free, subequal, ovate-oblong to oblong-spatulate, measure up to 2.5 mm long, very convex, membranous, with transparent margins and green or purple median band. There are 5 stamens and they are about as long as tepals. The ovary is superior, oblong, 1-celled, with 2-3 styles and ultimately recurved. Fruit An oblong utricle with persisting styles, circumscissile a little below the middle or indehiscent and 1-seeded. Seed About 1 mm in diametre, shiny black or brownish-black with thin margin. Seedling is with epigeal germination. Cotyledons are leafy and hairless while apex is rounded to slightly acute. The hypocotyl is up to 12 mm long while epicotyl is absent.
Chemical compound A. spinosus has been reported to contain 7-p-coumaroyl apigenin 4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, coumaroyl flavone glycoside (such as spinoside, xylofuranosyl uracil, β-D-ribofuranosyl adenine, β-sitosterol glucoside, hydroxycinnamates, quercetin and kaempferol glycosides), betalains, betaxanthin, betacyanin, amaranthine and isoamaranthine, gomphrenin, betanin, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, linoleic acid, 0.15% rutin and β-carotene.
Plant part used Root, leaf and tender shoot.
Traditional uses A. spinosus is used to treat diarrhea. The leaves of Amaranthus spinosus was reported to be used to treat tuberculosis. The tender shoot of Amaranthus spinosus is used to promote the secretion of milk among nursing mothers. The roots of the plant are used to treat indigestion.
Medicinal uses The dichloromethane extract of A. spinosus (2mg/mL) was moderately inhibitory to Blastocystis hominis, a common human protozoan. The reference anti-protozoan agent, metronidazole (40 µg/mL) killed 97% of the protozoan and inhibited all protozoan samples at concentrations of 1.25-20 µg/mL. Methanol extract of A. spinosus extract (25-100 mg/kg) showed anti-inflammatory activity by significantly inhibited carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and produced significant inhibition of acetic acid-induced increase in vascular permeability indicating that the extract has anti-inflammatory activity. The extract (25-100 mg/kg) elicited a significant reduction in castor oil-induced diarrhea. The aqueous extract of A. spinosus bark obtained from mature stems was screened for antimalarial properties in mice inoculated with erythrocytes parasitized with Plasmodium berghei berghei.
List of country Southeast Asia, South America and Central America
Amaranthus spinosus (Linnaeus, 1753)
https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/amaranthus-spinosus-l-105816/ https://www.gbif.org/species/5384401 https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/31730
Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Liliopsida Order :Zingiberales Family :Zingiberaceae Genus :Amomum Species :Amomum uliginosum
Synonyms Amomum ovoideum Pierre ex Gagnep., Amomum robustum K.Schum., Amomum uliginosum Koenig, Cardamomum uliginosum (J.Koenig) Kuntze, Wurfbainia uliginosa (J.Koenig) Giseke
Common name Puar hijau, puar gajah, tepus merah (Peninsular)
Characteristics A large herb that can grow measures up to 300 cm tall, with subterranean, long and much branched rhizome while the leafy shoots are widely apart.
Morphology Leaves Narrowly lance-shaped, measuring up to 50 cm x 7 cm and with caudate apex. Inflorescence Small and spherical, measures up to 5 cm long while on the peduncle it is up to 10 cm long. The bracts are measures 2.5-3 cm long, about 2 cm long bracteoles and tubular at the base. Flowers Have with petal tube that are as long as or slightly longer than the sepal. The labellum is ovate and strongly concave, white, sometimes with 2 dark red spots at the base and with a dark crimson stripe on each side. The anther is with a 3-lobed appendage, which having spreads at the side lobes. Fruit Up to 2 cm long that is covered by slender and soft red spines.
Plant part used Leaves, rhizomes and seeds
Traditional uses The rhizomes are possibly used as a stomache. The whole plant is used in post-partum saunas.
List of country Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia and Indonesia.
Amomum uliginosum (J.Koenig,1783)
https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/amomum-uliginosum-j-koenig-r/ http://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Amomum+uliginosum https://www.gbif.org/species/8320991
Amorphophallus paeoniifolius
Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Liliopsida Order :Alismatales Family :Araceae Genus :Amorphophallus Species :Amorphophallus paeoniifolius
Synonyms Amorphophallus campanulatus Decne., Amorphophallus chatty Andrews, Amorphophallus decurrens (Blanco) Kunth, Amorphophallus dixenii K.Larsen & S.S.Larsen, Amorphophallus dubius Blume, Amorphophallus giganteus Blume [Illegitimate], Amorphophallus gigantiflorus Hayata, Amorphophallus malaccensis Ridl., Amorphophallus microappendiculatus Engl., Amorphophallus rex Prain,, Amorphophallus sativus Blume, Amorphophallus virosus N.E.Br., Arum campanulatum Roxb. [Illegitimate], Arum decurrens Blanco, Arum phalliferum Oken, Arum rumphii Gaudich. [Illegitimate], Arum rumphii Oken, Candarum hookeri Schott [Illegitimate], Candarum roxburghii Schott [Illegitimate], Candarum rumphii Schott [Illegitimate], Conophallus giganteus Schott ex Miq. [Illegitimate], Conophallus sativus (Blume) Schott, Dracontium paeoniifolium Dennst., Dracontium polyphyllum Dennst. [Illegitimate], Dracontium polyphyllum G.Forst., Hydrosme gigantiflora (Hayata) S.S.Ying, Kunda verrucosa Raf. [Illegitimate], Plesmonium nobile Schott, Pythion campanulatum Mart.
Common name Loki, ubi kekek, lokai, ubi kekek, hakai, miok, elephant yam, telinga potato, elephant’s foot, elephant’s foot yam, telingo patato, telugu potato, whites-spot giant arum, corpse flower, leopard palm
Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.,1977)
Taxonomy Phylum :Tracheophyta Class :Magnoliopsida Order :Magnoliales Family :Annonaceae Genus :Anaxagorea Species :Anaxagorea javanica
Anaxagorea javanica (Blume, 1830)
Annona muricata (Linnaeus,1753)
Taxonomy Phylum : Tracheophyta Class : Magnoliopsida Order : Asterales Family : Asteraceae Genus : Arctium Species : Arctium lappa
Synonyms Arcion majus Bubani, Arcion tomentosum Bubani, Arctium adhaerens Gilib. [Invalid], Arctium bardana Willd., Arctium chaorum Klokov, Arctium grandiflorum Desf., Arctium lappa Willd. [Illegitimate] Arctium leiospermum Juz. & Ye.V.Serg. , Arctium majus (Gaertn.) Bernh. Arctium vulgare (Hill) Evan, Arctium vulgare (Hill) Druce, Bardana arctium Hill, Bardana lappa Hill, Lappa glabra Lam., Lappa major Gaertn., Lappa nemorosa (Lej.) Körn. ex Griewank, Lappa officinalis All., Lappa vulgaris Hill
Common name Great burdock, edible burdock, beggar’s buttons
Characteristics A biennial, robust and much branched herb, 40—100(—210) cm tall when flowering; taproot up to 1.5 m long in the second year and brownish to weak yellowish-orange.
Morphology Leaves Arranged in a rosette, cauline leaves alternate, simple, heart-shaped, up to 40—50 cm x 15—20 cm, margin irregularly undulate, upper surface glabrous, underneath covered with white hairs, petioles (5—)20—30 cm long and stipules absent. Inflorescence A head, one or more together in a lax terminal or axillary corymbose cyme, peduncle 2.5—20 cm long, involucre hemispherical, involucral bracts herbaceous, bright green, margin in the lower half membranaceous, with few to many glandular hairs, the upper part slightly recurved, straight or (slightly) hooked, the head thus becoming a burr and heads rounded about 3—4.5 cm x 2—3 cm. Flowers All tubular, more than 40, lobes 5, corolla 9.5—14.5 mm long, mostly purplish; stamens 5 and ovary inferior. Fruit An obovoid achene, 6—8 mm x 2.4—3.2 mm, angular and chestnut-brown in colour. Seed With epigeal germination, hypocotyl wrinkled and white, cotyledons large and rounded, epicotyl absent and first leaves growth are alternate.
Chemical compound Polysaccharides (inulin), lignans ( arctigenin, diarctigenin, arctiin), flavones (luteolin), sesquiterpene lactones (arctiopicrin), polyynes trideca-1), phenolic acids and their derivatives (caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid), triterpenes (alpha-amyrin), phytosterols (campesterol) and tannins.
Plant part used Dried roots, ripe fruits and leaves.
Traditional uses When made in to a poultice, it is applied to the head to relieve headaches and also applied to sweat out rheumatism. A. lappa infusion was used as a diuretic, emetic and for various gastrointestinal complaints. The slightly fibrous mucilaginous roots have a sweetish taste and are consumed raw or cooked. The peeled tender petioles and young floral stalks are eaten less widely.
Medicinal uses It possesses heart stimulant, stomachic, anodyne, anti-scorbutic, antipyretic, laxative, diaphoretic, depurative, anti-inflammatory and diuretic properties. It is used for a great variety of diseases including furunculosis, suppurating abscesses, swellings, scrofulous gout, psoriasis, acne and prurigo, throat infections, pneumonia, chronic gastritis, scarlet fever, measles, small pox, rheumatism, vertigo, cancer, syphilis and baldness. The tincture from the fresh roots is used to treat pulmonary catarrh, rheumatism and gout. It is used to treat scurf or skin diseases of animals and to prevent hair loss in humans and animals.
List of country Japan, China, Vietnam, Philippines, Indonesia, Hawaii, New Zealand and Europe.
Arctium lappa(Linnaeus,1753)
https://www.gbif.org/species/7353729 https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/arctium-lappa-l/
Taxonomy Phylum : Tracheophyta Class : Magnoliopsida Order : Ericales Family : Primulaceae Genus : Ardisia Species : Ardisia crenata
Synonyms Ardisia crenulata Lodd. [Illegitimate], Ardisia densa Miq, Ardisia elegans Andrews, Ardisia glandulosa Blume [Illegitimate], Ardisia konishii Hayata, Ardisia kusukusensis Hayata, Ardisia labordei H.Lév, Ardisia lentiginosa Ker Gawl, Ardisia linangensis C.M.Hu, Ardisia miaoliensis S.Y. Lu, Ardisia mouretii Pit., Bladhia crenata (Sims) H.Hara, Bladhia kusukusensis (Hayata) Nakai, Bladhia lentiginosa (Ker Gawl.) Nakai, Bladhia lindleyana (D.Dietr.) Nakai, Bladhia punctata (Lindl.) Nakai, Tinus densa (Miq.) Kuntze.
Common name Mata ayam, mata pelandok, akar bebulu, lenggundi, sireh puyoh, village ardisia, coral ardisia, coralberry, hens eyes, hilo holly, spiceberry
Characteristics A small, slow-growing, evergreen shrub reaching up to 1.8 m in height and growing in muti-stemmed clumps
Morphology Leaves Alternate, oblong-lanceolate, up to 20 cm long, with crenate and undulate margins, glossy dark green above, waxy and glabrous. Flowers White to pink in colour with stalked axillary clusters and small in nodding corymbs. Fruits Globose in shape, one-seeded drope up to 8 mm in diameter and glossy red when ripe.
Chemical compound triptenoid saponins, ardisicrenoside G 3b-O-{a-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-b-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)]-α-L-arabinopyranosyl}- 16α, 28-dihydroxyolean-12-en-30-oic acid, aglycone, 3β,16α,28-trihydroxyolean-12-en-30-oic acid (jacquinic acid).
Plant part used Roots, leaves and fruits
Traditional uses The decoction of the roots is given to women after delivery, for fever, cough and gout. Poultice of leaves and roots are applied over areas of bone-aches. Sweet and small fruits are edible. The leaves are also taken as vegetable in salads. Young shoots eaten as ulam with sambal belachan.
Medicinal uses Used in the treatment or rheumatic arthritis, traumatic injuries, lumbago, fractures, swelling of wounds and snake bites. It is believed to have antibacterial properties and is used in the treatment of tonsillitis, bronchitis, lymphadenitis, upper respiratory tract infections, diphtheria, erysipelas and scarlet fever.
List of country Florida, Alachua, Flagler, Gadsden, Highlands, Hillsborough, Leon, Liberty, Marion, Martin and Orange counties.
Ardisia crenata (Sims, 1817)
https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/ardisia-crenata-sims/ https://www.gbif.org/species/5414379 https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/4284 https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/3/4/3436
Taxonomy Phylum : Tracheophyta Class : Liliopsida Order : Arecales Family : Arecaceae Genus : Arenga Species : Arenga pinnata
Synonyms Arenga gamuto Merr., Arenga griffithii Seem. ex H.Wendl., Arenga saccharifera Labill. ex DC., Borassus gomutus Lour., Caryota onusta Blanco, Gomutus rumphii Corrêa, Gomutus saccharifer (Labill. ex DC.) Spreng., Gomutus vulgaris Oken, Saguerus gamuto Houtt. [Invalid], Saguerus pinnatus Wurmb, Saguerus rumphii (Corrêa) Roxb., Saguerus saccharifer (Labill. ex DC.) Blume, Sagus gomutus (Lour.) Perr.
Common name Enau, kabong, berkat , berkat, bakeh, enau, habong, henau, inau, kabong, nau, sugar palm, areng palm, areng palm, arenga palm, black-fiber palm, black sugar palm, gomuti palm, sagwire-palme, sugar palm, toddi palm
Characteristics A moderate to tall unbranched, hapaxanthic and solitary palm.
Morphology Leaves Pinnate leaves are 6-10(-12) m.The petiole is 1-1.5(-2.3) m long and with sheath at the base. The strap-like leaflets are numerous (80-130(-155), measuring 140-180 cm x 8-11 cm, crowded along the rachis and held in several planes, with auricles at the base, rounded or obtuse and toothed at the apex, smooth above and scabrous beneath. Inflorescence Usually unisexual, pendulous, often more than 2 m long and arises from the leaf axil while the peduncle breaks up into a number of flower-bearing spikes. Fruit A spherical to ellipsoid drupe, measures 5-8 cm long and fleshy. The first stage of fruiting is green but later turns yellow and black after falling. The fruit is 2-3-seeded where the seed is black.
Plant part used Roots, seeds, stems and petioles.
Traditional uses The decoction of the A. pinnata young roots is used in the treatment of kidney stones while the old roots are chewed on to help relieve toothache. The use of the decoction of the roots as a remedy for bronchitis, an aid to digestion and improvement of appetite.
Medicinal uses The fibres from the A. pinnata stem and petiole are considered styptic, used as a haemostatic and cicatrizant to wound. It is as diuretic and antithermic treatments.
List of country Africa, Southeast Asia, Japan, Vietnam and Eastern Himalayas.
Arenga pinnata (Merr.,1917)
https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/arenga-pinnata-wurmb-merr/ https://phytochem.nal.usda.gov/phytochem/ethnoPlants/show/3692?qlookup=Arenga+pinnata&offset=0&max=20&et= https://www.gbif.org/species/2733997
Taxonomy Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Order : Chiroptera Family : Vespertilionidae Genus : Arielulus Species : Arielulus cuprosus
Common name/ vernacular name Coppery Pipistrelle Coppery Pipistrelle (English) Kelawar Hidung Pendek Tembaga (Malay)
Habitat and Ecology This species is known from both lowland dipterocarp and montane forest. It has been trapped in theunderstorey of tall forest, along the edge of a steep cliff (Khan et al. 2008) and in a forest gap at highelevation (B. Lim 2013, unpub. data). The species is probably a canopy species, and so perhaps is under-collected.
Species status / threats The species is only known from undisturbed forest, but outside of protected areas forest loss due tologging, agriculture, plantations and forest fires is a major threats.
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Vulnerable
Conservation status/action The species occurs in a number of protected areas: Sepilok Forest Reserve in Sabah; Gunung MuluNational Park, Kubah National Park, Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary, Samunsam Wildlife Sanctuaryand Similajau National Park in Sarawak. Further research is needed to determine the range, populationstatus, ecology and threats to this species. There is need of urgent survey work using a variety of surveymethods for this species.
Arielulus cuprosus (Hill & Francis, 1984)
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351281850_Arielulus_cuprosus_Coppery_Sprite_THE_IUCN_RED_LIST_OF_THREATENED_SPECIES https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351281850_Arielulus_cuprosus_Coppery_Sprite_THE_IUCN_RED_LIST_OF_THREATENED_SPECIES
Taxonomy Phylum : Tracheophyta Class : Magnoliopsida Order : Asterales Family : Asteraceae Genus : Artemisia Species : Artemisia afra
Synonyms Absinthium ponticum (L.) Garsault, Absinthium tenuifolium Gaterau, Artemisia altaica Desf., Artemisia balsamita Willd., Artemisia grandiflora Fisch. ex Herder, Artemisia pallida Salisb., Artemisia pontica Burm.f. , Artemisia pseudopontica Schur, Artemisia tenuifolia Moench
Common name Als, wild Als, wild wormwood, african wormwood
Characteristics A clump-forming perennial herb of the highland areas of eastern and southern Africa at an altitude between 1500 and 3000 m.
Morphology Leaves 6cm long, gray-green, alternately arranged and oval in shape. Flower Pale yellow tubular, with few outer female and inner bisexual inflorescence occurring in an elongated racemose panicle. The capitula is small, the receptacle is flat and naked (achenes cylindrical and pappus absent).
Chemical compound α-thujone, β-thujone, cineole, camphor, germacrene, cadinene, α-terpineol, camphene, pinene and myrcene
Plant part used Leaves, stem, root and essential oil
Traditional uses Decoctions of the leaves have been used to treat bronchial maladies as well as promote general respiratory health. Compound decoctions of the whole plant have been used to treat coughs, colds and fever. In cases of headache, the leaves of A. afra have been either dried or powdered and then smoked or snuffed, respectively. It is promoting gastrointestinal health, and relieving certain maladies associated with the gastrointestinal tract.
Medicinal uses The leaves, stem and root have all been used in cases of constipation, diarrhea and dysentery. A. afra has also been used to treat dyspepsia and stomach ache while promoting a healthy appetite and healthy digestion. A. afra has also been used as an anti-parasitic. Other common applications of A. afra include use as an enema, poultice, body wash or as an ingredient in lotions and teas.
List of country Ethiopia, Kenya, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Angola and the Republic of South Africa.
Artemisia afra ( Jacq.,1804)
https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/artemisia-afra-jacq-ex-willd/ https://www.gbif.org/species/8078031
Artemisia vulgaris
Taxonomy Phylum : Tracheophyta Class : Magnoliopsida Order : Asterales Family : Asteraceae Genus : Artemisia Species : Artemisia vulgaris
Synonyms Absinthium spicatum (Wulfen ex Jacq.) Baumg, Artemisia affinis Hassk, Artemisia apetala hort.pest. ex Steud, Artemisia cannabifolia H.Lév.
Common name Cina baru, Hiya, Midge Plant, Moxa,Felon-herb, mugwort, wormwood
Characteristics A perennial herb with creeping underground stolons and fibrous roots.
Morphology Leaves Stipulate at the base, lower to middle leaves with blade elliptic in outline, measure 5-11 cm x 3-7.5 cm, pinnately lobed or divided into 2-4 pairs of segments. These toothed or deeply incised or rarely entire, upper side deep green, underside silvery whitish hairy with upper leaves becoming smaller, usually 3-parted or lobed and lobes entire. Stems Usually measure about 30-60 cm tall, tufted from the stolon and branched are often whitish and hairy. Inflorescence A terminal panicle of crowded racemes, the heads ca. 0.25 cm long and the florets are brownish. Fruits Minute achenes.
Medicinal compound 1-α-terpineol, β-caryophylene, 1-quebrachitol, inulin, oxytocin, yomogi alcohol, ridentin, artemose 1,8-cineole, 3-β-hydroxyurs-12-en-27,28-dionic-acid, 5,3′-dihydroxy-3,7,4’trimethoxyflavone, 7,8-methylenedioxy-9-methoxycoumarin, adenine, α-amyrin, α-amyrin-acetate, α-cadinol, α-pinene, α-thujone, arsenic, artemisiketone, ascorbic-acid, barium, β-cadinol, β-carotene, β-pinene, β-sitosterol, borneol, bromine, cadinene, cadinenol, calcium, cineol, choline, chromium, cis-dehydromatricaria-ester, copper, dihydromatricaria ester, fernenol, gamma-cadinol, heptadeca-1,7,9-triene-11,13,15-triyne, inulin, iodine, iron, lead, linalool, linalyl-acetate, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, muurolol, myrcene, nerol, neryl-acetate, niacin, nickel, paraffin, phellandrene, phosphorus, potassium, protein, quebrachitol, quercetin-3′-glucoside, quercetin-3-rhamnoglucoside, riboflavin, rubidium, spathulenol, stigmasterol, strontium, sulfur, tauremisin, tetracosanol, tetradec-6-en-8,10,12-triyne-1-one, tetradeca-4,6-diene-8,10,12-triyne-1-ol, tetradeca-6-ene-8,10,12-triyne-3-one, thiamin, titanium, thujone, trans-dehydromatricaria-ester, trideca-1,3,5-triene-7,9,11-triyne, vulgarin, vulgarol and vulgarole.
Plant part used Root, leaves, flowers and seeds.
Traditional uses The leaves of A. vulgaris is used as a menstrual regulator and the Chinese stir fry them with eggs as a remedy for dysmenorrhoea. The leaves are also used to ally perimenopausal symptoms. In western herbal medicine a decoction of the fresh tops in a bath is believed to help correct female irregularities. The native Americans made use of the plant to relieve after-pains of childbirth. It is emmenagogue actions is recognized both in the east and west making it an essential ingredient in pre and postpartum period. In Norwegian folklore medicine a sprig of the plant is given to strengthen uterine contractions. Buddhist monks burns the leaves onto the faces of 3-day old infants in the belief that this ensures their survival through infancy. The Chinese considered it a haemostatic and antiseptic, thus it is used to treat bleeding or infected wounds. The leaves are beneficial in a number of skin disorders including eczema, herpes, purulent scabies and measles. In these cases either poultice or the juice of the leaves are applied locally. For inflamed and infected wounds the pounded leaves mixed with ginger are wrapped in banana leaves and heated over fire and applied over the lesion. The leaf poultice is also used to treat headache and rheumatism.
Medicinal uses In Indonesia the leaves have a wider used in women to include disturbances in menstruation such as hypermenorrhoea, dysmenorrhoea, irregular uterine bleeding and amenorrhoea, early bleeding of pregnancy, to calm down hyperactive foetus, to ease delivery and for fertility. It is also used to treat leucorrhoea. A. vulgaris is used in moxibustion treatments at acupuncture points and this is used in the gastrointestinal treatment like abdominal cramps, constipation, diarrhea and vomiting. The leaves have stomachic, carminative and tonic properties. In Indonesia, the flowering plant is used to improve appetite and to treat abdominal colic especially the griping pains of indigestion.
List of country North America, South America, Europe and Asia.
Artemisia vulgaris(Linnaeus,1753)
https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/artemisia-vulgaris-l/ https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/39740 https://www.gbif.org/species/3120946 https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/1/6/1689
Taxonomy Phylum : Tracheophyta Class : Magnoliopsida Order : Gentianales Family : Apocynaceae Genus : Asclepias Species : Asclepias curassavica
Synonyms Asclepias aurantiaca Salisb [Illegitimate], Asclepias bicolor Moench [Illegitimate], Asclepias cubensis Wender, Asclepias margaritacea Hoffmanns. ex Schult.
Common name Bunga mas, bunga tunjong, melukut paya, bunga tanjung, bunga sebusok, bunga melukut paya, swallow wort, red milkweed, bastard ipecacuanha, bloodflower, blood-flowered milkweed, blood plant, butterfly weed, Curacau silkweed, curassavian, curassavian swallow wort, false ipecacuanha, false ipepac, Indian root, kittie mc-vanie, milkweed, red cotton, red-flowered cotton bush, red head plant, red-head cotton bush, red-head, red milkweed, red-headed cotton-bush, red top, silkweed, swallow wort, West Indian ipecacuanha, wild ipecacuanha, common milkweed, bastard ipepac
Characteristics An erect, glabrous and perennial herb that grows up to 1.2 m tall. It has a milky exudate throughout.
Morphology Leaves Simple, opposite, shortly petiole, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate and measures 7 – 13 cm long and 6 – 25 cm wide. The base is narrowed. Stem Smooth, round, dull green or suffused with dull red. Inflorescence In the form of an umbel with 6 – 15 flowers on terminal or axillary peduncle. Flowers Perfect, radially symmetrical or irregularly shaped bright red or orange with yellow centers. There are 5 sepals, deeply divided, reflexed, and green. Five petals which are linear with base united into a fused corolla. The corolla lobes are red, reflexed, oblong and approximately 8mm long. The corona scale is orange in colour, 5-lobed and measures 3.5-4.0 mm long. The corona is hood-shaped with inwardly curved horns, stamens 5 in number, anthers with two pollen sacs, pollen aggregates into masses called pollinia or pollen sacs. The style filaments are united with pistils 2-carpelled. Fruit A pair of dry dehiscent, spindle-shaped follicles, measuring 5–15 cm long, many seeded and splitting lengthwise on one side at maturity. Seeds Ovate, flat, winged, measures 4–6 mm long and 2.2-4.0 mm wide, brown in colour, minutely ridged, with a pappus of fine white silky hairs at the apex and measures 2-3 cm long.
Chemical compound oxypregnanes, 12-O-benzoyldeacylmetaplexigenin and 12-O-benzoylsarcostin. Other chemical content includes 12-O-benzoylsarcostin 3-O-β-D-oleandropyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-digitoxopyranoside, 12-O-benzoylsarcostin 3-O-β-D-oleandropyranosyl-(1→4)-β-d-digitoxopyranoside, sarcostin 3-O-β-d-oleandropyranosyl-(1→4)-β-d-canaropyranosyl-(1→4)-β-d-oleandropyranosyl-(1→4)-β-d-digitoxopyranoside, sarcostin 3-O-β-d-oleandropyranosyl-(1→4)-β-d-canaropyranosyl-(1→4)-β-d-canaropyranosyl-(1→4)-β-d-digitoxopyranoside, 12-O-benzoyldeacylmetaplexigenin 3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-d-oleandropyranosyl-(1→4)-β-d-canaropyranosyl-(1→4)-β-d-oleandropyranosyl-(1→4)-β-d-digitoxopyranoside, and 12-O-benzoylsarcostin 3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-d-oleandropyranosyl-(1→4)-β-d-canaropyranosyl-(1→4)-β-d-oleandropyranosyl-(1→4)-β-d-digitoxopyranoside.
Plant part used Whole plant and roots
Traditional uses A. curassavica is known to traditional practitioners as effective haemostatics. A. currasavica is traditionally used in the treatment of inflammed spleen, pneumonia, mastatis, pyoderma by clean the wound using the water from decoction of whole plant. Paste also can be used for this infection along with Aloe vera by topically applied to the infected area. The roots of A. curassavica had been used effectively in the treatment of gonorrhoea.
Medicinal uses In Indonesia, the sap of the plant was applied to the skin to treat the eczema. The roots are used as a cheaper alternative to ipecacuanha as an emetic. The plant has astringent properties and is used to treat dysentery in Jamaica. Syrup prepared from the expressed juice is a powerful vermifuge by virtue of its emetic and purgative properties.
List of country America, Australia, Asia and Africa.
Asclepias curassavica (Linnaeus,1753)
https://www.globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/asclepias-curassavica-l/ https://www.gbif.org/species/3170241 https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/6641
Taxonomy Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Order : Cetacea Family : Balaenopteridae Genus : Balaenoptera Species : Balaenoptera brydei
Common name/ vernacular name Common Bryde's Whale
List of country Bryde’s whales are found in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans and off the coast of Ethiopia in warm temperate and subtropical waters. Populations exist mainly in warmer waters (~20°C). They are not migratory, but they do move between inshore to offshore waters to follow food.
Habitat and Ecology Bryde’s whales, Balaenoptera edeni, feed almost exclusively on pelagic fish (pilchard, mackerel, herring, and anchovies), pelagic crustaceans (shrimp, crabs, and lobsters), and cephalopods (octopus, squid, and cuttlefish). The Bryde’s whale consumes whatever shoaling prey is available and often exploits the activities of other predators, swimming through and engulfing the fish they have herded. They are therefore frequently found in areas of high fish abundance, along with seabirds, seals, sharks, and other cetaceans.
Morphology/ physical description Bryde’s whales are dark gray in color on the dorsal side with a yellowish white ventral side. They are the second smallest rorqual with an average length of 12 m, although the female is usually about 0.3 m longer than the male. Bryde’s whales have two blowholes located on the top of the head. Bryde’s whales are often confused with sei whales; however, the Bryde’s whale has three parallel ridges in the area between the blowholes and the tip of the head.
Species status / threats Bryde’s whale populations are exposed to a variety of stressors and threats, including vessel strikes, ocean noise, and whaling outside the United States.
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Least Concern
Conservation status/action Minimizing the effects of vessel disturbance, noise, and other types of human effects, Responding to stranded Bryde’s whales, Educating the public about Bryde’s whales and the threats they face.
Balaenoptera brydei Olsen, 1913
https://www.marinebio.org/species/brydes-whales/balaenoptera-edeni/ https://www.marinebio.org/species/brydes-whales/balaenoptera-edeni/ https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/brydes-whale https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/brydes-whale
Taxonomy Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Order : Cetacea Family : Balaenopteridae Genus : Balaenoptera Species : Balaenoptera musculus
Common name/ vernacular name Blue Whale Pygmy Blue Whale (English)
Morphology/ physical description Blue whales are slate to grayish blue and mottled with lighter spots, particularly on the back and shoulders. The undersides often become covered with microorganisms, giving the belly a yellowish tinge. Because of this blue whales are sometimes called "sulphurbottoms". The dorsal fin is short, only about 35 cm. The upper jaw is the widest in the genus, and the rostrum is the bluntest.
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Endangered
Ecosystem role Blue whales, and other large baleen whales, are important predators of krill.
Economic importance Blue whales were formerly heavily hunted for blubber and oil. Because of the immensity of blue whales, only sperm whales approached them in economic importance. A single blue whale could yield 70 or 80 barrels of oil. Baleen was also an important whale product, valued for its plastic like properties that were applied in a wide variety of products.
Balaenoptera musculus (Linnaeus, 1758)
https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Balaenoptera_musculus/#physical_description https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Balaenoptera_musculus/#ecosystem_roles https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Balaenoptera_musculus/#economic_importance_positive
Taxonomy Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Order : Cetacea Family : Balaenopteridae Genus : Balaenoptera Species : Balaenoptera omurai
Common name/ vernacular name Omura's Whale Dwarf Fin Whale (English)
Morphology/ physical description It is one of the smaller and more streamlined baleen whales with a ‘V’ shaped rostrum and broad flukes having a straight trailing edge. The shape of the dorsal fin is variable but it tends to be high, highly falcate and backswept. There is one prominent rostral ridge (while Bryde’s has three ridges) from the blow-hole till almost the tip of the snout. Accessory ridges may also be present but are not prominent. The body coloration is two-toned, with a darker back and lighter venter. The lower jaw is highly pigmented on the left while the right lower jaw is white, one of the major distinguishing characteristics of the Omura’s. The anterior edges and the inner surfaces of both the flippers are white. Ventrally the flukes are white with black margins. Pale irregular chevrons are present anterior to the dorsal fin on both the sides, the one on the right being more prominent. The right side also has a conspicuous blaze with 2-3 stripes bisecting it that runs over the eye and goes up till the back.
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Data deficient
Balaenoptera omurai Wada, Oishi & Yamada, 2003
http://www.marinemammals.in/mmi/cetacea/mysticeti/balaenopteridae/omura-s-whale/
Taxonomy Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Order : Cetacea Family : Balaenopteridae Genus : Balaenoptera Species : Balaenoptera physalus
Common Name Common Rorqual (English) Fin Whale (English) Fin-backed Whale (English) Finback (English) Finner (English) Herring Whale, Razorback (English)
Ecosystem role Fin whales have little pressure exerted on them by predatory animals and thus their main contribution to the general ecosystem is to consume large amounts of plankton. Their carcasses also support communities of benthic animals as they fall to the ocean floor and are consumed.
Economic importance Historically, fin whales were hunted extensively for their oil and blubber, as well as their baleen. Aboriginal peoples have hunted fin whales for centuries and all parts of the whale were integral in their lives as a source of food, fuel, and building materials. Large-scale hunting efforts peaked in the 1950’s, as nearly 10,000 whales were killed every year.
Balaenoptera physalus (Linnaeus, 1758)
https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Balaenoptera_physalus/#ecosystem_roles https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Balaenoptera_physalus/#economic_importance_positive
Taxonomy Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Order : Chiroptera Family : Pteropodidae Genus : Balionycteris Species : Balionycteris maculata
Common name/ vernacular name Spotted-Winged Fruit Bat Cecadu Sayap Berbintik (Malay) Cecadu Sayap Bertitik (Malay)
Ecosystem role These bats are frugivores and may be important in seed dispersal.
Economic importance There is no information avaiable suggesting any positive economic impact of these animals on humans.
Balionycteris maculata (Thomas, 1893)
https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Balionycteris_maculata/#ecosystem_roles https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Balionycteris_maculata/#economic_importance_positive
Taxonomy Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Order : Artiodactyla Family : Bovidae Genus : Bos Species : Bos javanicus
Common Name/ Vernacular Name Banteng (English) Banting (Malay) Sapi Hutan (Malay) tembadau (English)
Ecosystem Role Banteng are important members of the ecosystems in which they live. They are important in nutrient cycling and influence the composition of plant communities through their grazing and browsing activities.
Economic Importance Banteng are used for food, leather goods, and commercial trade. There are several million domesticated banteng estimated to be used for meat production and as work animals currently
Bos javanicus d'Alton, 1823
https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Bos_javanicus/#ecosystem_roles https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Bos_javanicus/#economic_importance_positive
Taxonomy Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Order : Eulipotyphla Family : Soricidae Genus : Suncus Species : Suncus etruscus
Common Name/ Vernacular Name Etruscan shrew, Etruscan pygmy shrew, white-toothed pygmy shrew, Cencurut Terkecil (Malay)
Morphology and Physical Description The Etruscan shrew has a body length of about 4 cm excluding the tail. It is characterized by very rapid movements and a fast metabolism, eating about 1.5–2 times its own body weight per day.These shrews prefer warm and damp climates and are widely distributed in the belt between 10° and 30°N latitude stretching from Europe and North Africa up to Malaysia.
Habitat and Ecology Living on a diet of small insects, this species hunt actively for a few hours and then rests throuhout the day and night. it relies on it speed to hunt prey that is slower than itself. it also scavenge on dead insects.
Economic Importance The importance of Suncus etruscus to humans in not known, aside from their importance as members of healthy ecosystems.
Ecosystem Role Shrews are food for predators such as owls, and probably play a large role in controlling insect populations.
Suncus etruscus (Savi, 1822)
https://www.thainationalparks.com/species/etruscan-shrew https://animalia.bio/etruscan-shrew https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Suncus_etruscus/#economic_importance_positive https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Suncus_etruscus/#ecosystem_roles
Taxonomy Phylum : Tracheophyta Class : Magnoliopsida Order : Lamiales Family : Lamiaceae Genus : Orthosiphon Species : Orthosiphon aristatus Common Name Cat's Whiskers, Java Tea, Kumis Kucing, Misai Kucing, Remujung, Ruku Hutan.
Characteristics It is a perennial herb measuring 25-200 cm in height, poorly branched, quadrangular and had an ascending stem. Morphology Leaves Oppositely decussate, the blade ovate or rhombic in shape, 2-9(-12) cm x 1.5-5 cm, cuneate at the base, acuminate at the apex, margin toothed-like, smooth or minutely pubescent, glandular-punctate. The petiole 0.5-2(-4.5) cm long and stipule is absent. Inflorescences An opposed cyme arranged in terminal racemes and measuring 7-29 cm long. the flowerprdicellate,calyx2.5-4.5 mm and up to 12 mm in fruit, bilibiate and gland-dotted. Fruit The fruit will split into 4 oblong-ovoid nutlets measuring 1.5-2 mm long with a brownish colour and rugose surface. Plant part used Leaves Traditional Uses The species is planted as an attractive ornamental garden plant. It is also popularly used as a traditional and medication herb, especially in Malaysia and Indonesia to treat diabetes, kidney or renal stones and urinary disorders, high blood pressure, rheumatism, arteriosclerosis, nephritis and gout. It is also reportedly effective for anti-fungal and anti-bacterial purposes. Dried leaves can be brewed as a herbal tea or a tasty drink with honey or milk. Medicinal used Anti-inflammatory activity- Orthosiphol A and orthosiphol B isolated from O. aristatus dried leaves inhibited the inflammation induced by tumor promoter. Antimicrobial activity- Extracts of O. aristatus showed antibacterial activity against both serotypes of Streptococcus mutans. List of Country India, Indo-China and Thailand, through Malaysia to tropical Australia but uncommonin Borneo and Sulawesi. Red List Category Not Evaluated (NE)
https://globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/orthosiphon-aristatus-blume-miq/ https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/7911 https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:453446-1/general-information