Taxonomy Phylum : Tracheophyta Class : Magnoliopsida Order : Lamiales Family : Lamiaceae Genus : Coleus Common Name Common Coleus, Pokok Ati-ati
Characteristics It is a subshrub and grows primarily in the wet tropical biome. Morphology Stem Herbaceous shrub, turns to semi-woody at base when mature. Stems squarish in cross-section. Stems usually purple, puberulent, branched. Leaves Leaves of various colours in attractive patterns, with coarsely crenate margins. Leaf blade ovate, 4-12.5 × 2.5-9 cm, membranous, yellow, dark red, purple, or green, puberulent, sparsely red-brown glandular abaxially, base broadly cuneate to rounded, margin crenate-serrate or crenate, apex obtuse to short acuminate. Flowers Flowers colours are blue and white. Plant part used Leaves Traditional Uses Coleus species are widely used in the region of tropical countries such as Vietnam, India and Indonesia as remedies for heart diseases, abdominal colic, respiratory disorders, painful maturation and certain central nervous system diseases. In Malaysia. Coleus species are locally known as ‘Ati-ati’ plant and used primarily as decoration houseplant. Bajau ethnic used Coleus species to treat cough. Medicinal used The use of Coleus species as remedies in Malaysia was unknown. It is used to treat unspecified medicinal disorders, has environmental uses and social uses, as a medicine and for food. As a member of the mint family, species of Coleus are believed to have a lot of phenolic compounds. List of Country China, Taiwan, India, Indochina, Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, northern & western Australia, Solomon Islands Red List Category This taxon has not yet been assessed.
https://globinmed.com/research_publication/the-evaluation-of-total-phenolic-compounds-in-coleus-spp/ https://globinmed.com/research_publication/determination-of-antioxidant-properties-in-ati-ati-plants-coleus-amboinicus-and-coleus-blumei/ https://globinmed.com/tk/enthobotany-medicine-copy/ https://www.gbif.org/species/5341492 https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/2/4/2460 https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:446165-1
Taxanomy Phlyum : Magnoliophyta Class : Magnoliospida Order : Sapindales Family : Rutaceae Genus : Murraya Species: Murraya koenigii Common Name Curry Leaf Tree, Daun Kari, Indian Curry Tree, Curry Brush, Karapincha, Karwa Pale, Kerupulai, Garupillai
Characteristics M. koenigii belongs to the Rutaceae family and is characterized as a deciduous tree with a compact shady crown, a short trunk, and thin smooth grey or brown bark. It can grow up to 4-6 meters in height and has a diameter ranging from 15 to 40 cm. Morphology Stem Stems are dark green to brown, with numerous dots. Leaves The leaves of M. koenigii are compound and odd-pinnate, measuring about 30 cm in length. They consist of 11-21 shiny, dark green, lance-shaped leaflets that are around 4.9 cm long and 1.8 cm wide. The apex of each leaflet is emarginate and the base is oblique, with a slightly toothed margin. The leaflets attach to the rachis through a 0.5 cm-long, reddish petiole in alternate to sub-opposite arrangement, giving the appearance of single leaflets alternating to almost paired. Flower M. koenigii's flowers are both white and bisexual, possessing a funnel shape and a sweet fragrance. They are complete, ebracteate, and exhibit regular, actinomorphic, and pentamerous symmetry. These stalked flowers have an average diameter of 1-1.12 cm when fully opened and are hypogynous in nature, with their floral organs attaching to the receptacle beneath the ovary. Plant part used Leaves, fruit, shoot and bark Traditional uses M. koenigii's leaves possess stomachic and spasmolytic properties and aid in promoting appetite and digestion. They are consumed in their raw green form to alleviate symptoms of diarrhea and dysentery. M. koenigii's roots and bark exhibit antivenom activity and are employed in the treatment of bites from poisonous animals and insects. Indians believed that by taking 10 fresh matured leaves for three months, diabetics could help relieve their burdens of the disease. Medicinal used Both the leaves and seeds of M. koenigii contain essential oils that possess antibacterial and antifungal properties. Over a 15-day period, supplementing with 12 g of M. koenigii leaves, which provided 2.5 g of fiber, resulted in a significant decrease in fasting blood sugar levels and decrease in post-prandial sugar levels. List of Country M. koenigii has been cultivated in India, Sri Lanka, South-East Asia, Australia, Pacific Island, and Africa. Red List Category This taxon has not yet been assessed.
https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/2/2/2238 https://globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/murraya-koenigii-l-spreng/
Taxonomy Phylum : Tracheophyta Class : Magnoliopsida Order : Sapindales Family : Rutaceae Genus : Citrus Species : Citrus microcarpa Synonyms Citrofortunella microcarpa (Bunge) D.O. Wijnands Common Name Calamansi, Limau Kasturi
Characteristics A small perennial shrubs growing up to about 4 m in height. The branches normally originated from the lower part of the main stem. The main stem rarely grows straight. Morphology Leaves The leaves are green in colour, elliptic in shape, having narrow wings measuring about 4 cm long. Flower The flowers are white in colour, about 2 cm in diametre and have a very short stalk. Fruit The fruits are green when young and turns to yellow when it matures. It has nearly smooth skin, spherical in shape and measuring about 3 cm in diametre. The fruits produce plenty of sour juice when crushed. Plant part used Leaves and Fruits Traditional Uses In Malaysia, the fruits are normally used as the seasoning for many foods such as soups and fried mee or rice. It also used for the preparation cordial or fruit juice. It is also being used as an antidote for poison, treatment of abscesses, sore throat, cough and nausea. The essential oil extract from the fruits are also used as the ingredients in the herbal bath and aromatherapy formulations. The fruits are also used to body odour and hair cleaning. List of Country Native to Philippines and found growing throughout South East Asia region like Malaysia, Indonesia and others.
https://globinmed.com/conservation/limau-kasturi/ https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/49483 https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/3/3/3351
Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr.
Taxanomy Phylum : Magnoliophyta Class : Magnoliopsida Order : Malpighiales Family : Phyllanthaceae Genus : Sauropus Species: Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr. Common Name Cekur Manis, Chekkurmanis, Chekop, Star Gooseberry, Sweet Leaf Bush
Characteristics Belonging to the Phyllanthaceae family, S. androgynus is a glabrous shrub that is monoecious, erect, and can reach heights of 1-3 m. Morphology Leaves The plant has green, slender branchlets that become terete as they mature. The lanceolate or linear-lanceolate stipules measure 1.5-3 mm and the petiole is 2-4 mm long. Stem Stems vertical, somewhat woody. Flower The plant has unisex flowers without petals that grow on the same plant in the leaf axils. The female flowers consist of 6 red sepals surrounding a cream-coloured pistil, while the male flowers have 6 cream-coloured sepals enclosing 3 reddish stamens. Plant part used Whole plant, leaves and roots. Traditional uses S. androgynus roots have diuretic properties and are used to treat urinary complaints. They are also used to treat cardiovascular diseases and hypertension-related symptoms such as vertigo, dizziness, and fainting spells. The plant is given to women after delivery to enhance lactation and promote early post-partum recovery. Medicinal used The plant is commonly used in traditional medicine across South and Southeast Asia, as well as China, to treat a variety of conditions such as cough, fever, hypertension, diabetes, vision loss, and gastrointestinal and urinary disorders. List of country Sauropus androgynus is a plant species native to India and the Malay Archipelago, and can be found growing both cultivated and wild in Peninsular Malaysia, particularly in the vicinity of villages. Red List Category Not Evaluated (NE)
https://globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/sauropus-androgynus-l-merr-106142/ https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/2/4/2427
Taxanomy Phylum : Tracheophyta Class : Liliopsida Order : Zingiberales Family : Zingiberacea Genus : Etlingera Species: Etlingera elatior Common Name Torch Ginger, Philippine Waxflower, Painted Net Leaf, Nerve Plant, Bunga Kantan
Characteristics This plant is a perennial herb that has a tendency to grow in large colonies. Morphology Stem Pseudostems, measuring 3 to 6 m tall. Leaves Smooth, green lanceolate leaves measuring about 70 cm in length and 10 cm in width grow in a bunch at the base, forming a pseudostem. Flower The flower has a very long stalk measuring 1.0-1.5m and rose well above the ground. The inflorescence is ovoid-shaped and located at the terminal end, consisting of spirally overlapping flowers with showy crimson-pink bracts surrounding the base. Plant part used Leaves, flower, fruit Traditional uses The plant's stems are utilized in herbal bath preparations for eliminating body odour. he Bajau ethnic group also utilizes bunga kantan to eliminate body odour Medicinal used The fruit decoction is believed to be effective in treating earaches, while the leaves decoction is used to cleanse wounds. List of Country The plant is believed to be native to Malaysia, Indonesia and Southern Thailand countries and subsequently introduced to the Philippines. Red List Category Not Evaluated (NE)
https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/1/9/1990 https://globinmed.com/tk/enthobotany-medicine-copy/ https://globinmed.com/conservation/kantan/
Taxonomy Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class:Magnoliopsida Order:Sapindales Family:Rutaceae Genus:Bergera Species:koenigii L. Common name Daun kari (Malay), Indian curry tree (English), Kari
Characteristic Murraya koenigii is a small tree that can grow up to 4-6 meters tall. It has pinnate leaves that are obliquely ovate or somewhat rhomboid in shape with an acuminate obtuse or acute apex. The leaves are also aromatic in nature. Morphology Murraya koenigii is a small tree that can grow up to 4-6 meters (13-20 feet) tall with a trunk that can reach up to 40 cm (16 inches) in diameter . The leaves of this tree are pinnate and aromatic, with 11-21 leaflets each . The leaves are obliquely ovate or somewhat rhomboid in shape with an acuminate obtuse or acute apex . The leaves are bipinnately compound and arranged alternately on the petioles. Murraya koenigii produces small white flowers which can self-pollinate to produce small shiny-black drupes containing a single, large viable seed. The berry pulp is edible with a sweet flavor. Medicinal uses The green leaves are used to treat piles, inflammation, itching, fresh cuts, dysentery, bruises, and edema. The roots are purgative to some extent. They are stimulating and used for common body aches. The bark is helpful in treating snakebites Distribution M. koenigii is a native of India. IUCN Category List Least Concern
Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. in GBIF Secretariat (2022). GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Checklist dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/39omei accessed via GBIF.org on 2023-05-04.
Taxonomy Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class:Magnoliopsida Order:Lamiales Family:Lamiaceae Genus:Coleus Species: C. amboinicus Common name Mexican mint, Spanish Thyme, Cuban Oregano
Characteristic Coleus amboinicus is a semi-succulent perennial plant that belongs to the mint family Lamiaceae. The plant can grow up to 1m tall and has strongly flavored and serrated leaves. It has a pungent oregano-like flavor and odor and is commonly used as a spice and substitute for oregano Morphology Coleus amboinicus, also known as Indian borage or Cuban oregano, is a semi-succulent perennial plant. It has strongly and pleasantly aromatic, fleshy, serrated leaves and small mauve, two-lipped flowers that bloom in summer and autumn. The flowers are insignificant, and the plant does not produce seeds like other plants in the mint family. The leaves of the plant are woody. Medicinal uses Have the ability to improve the health of your skin, detoxify the body, defend against colds, ease the pain of arthritis, relieve stress and anxiety, treat certain kinds of cancer, and optimize digestion. The leaves have a good flavour and are usually used to mask the intense odours and tastes of fish, mutton, and goat. Besides, the leaves are used as a decorative herb. Distribution C. amboinicus is native from southern and eastern parts of Africa, India and SE Asia. IUCN Category List Not Specified
Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng. in GBIF Secretariat (2022). GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Checklist dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/39omei accessed via GBIF.org on 2023-05-04.
Taxonomy Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class:Magnoliopsida Order:Myrtales Family:Myrtaceae Genus:Syzgium Species: polyanthum (Wight) Walp. Common name Bay leaf (English), Bengkang (Iban), Daun Salam (Malay)
Characteristic Syzygium polyanthum, also known as bay leaf or daun salam, is an evergreen plant species in the family Myrtaceae. It can grow up to 25 meters tall with dense foliage and thick bark. Morphology Syzygium polyanthum, also known as the Indonesian bay leaf, is an evergreen plant species in the Myrtaceae family. It can grow up to 15 meters tall and has a dense, columnar crown. The bark is dark brown and the young branches are green. The leaves are dark green, glossy, and lanceolate, with a length of 5-15 cm and a width of 2-5 cm. The flowers are small, white, and fragrant, and grow in clusters at the end of the branches. The fruit is a small, round, fleshy berry that turns from green to black when ripe. Medicinal uses Traditionally to treat diarrhea, rheumatism, and diabetes. The leaves are freshly consumed as “ulam” by traditional Malay people for the treatment of hypertension and general body health maintenance. In Indonesia, local people often add leaves in culinary preparation because they believe that the plant is beneficial in the management of diabetes mellitus, gout, arthritis, and hypertension Distribution S. polyanthum can be found in India, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Brunei, and Indonesia. IUCN Category List Not yet assessed
Widyawati T, Purnawan WW, Atangwho IJ, Yusoff NA, Ahmad M, Asmawi MZ. Anti-diabetic activity of Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) leaf extract, the most commonly used herb among diabetic patients in Medan, North Sumatera, Indonesia. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2015;6:1698.
Taxanomy Phylum : Magnoliophyta Class : Liliopsida Order : Zingiberales Family : Zingiberaceae Genus : Zingiber Species :Zingiber officinale Roscoe Common Name Ginger, Halia
Characteristics Z. officinale belongs to the Zingiberaceae family and is a biennial or perennial reed-like herb that can grow up to 1m tall. It is mainly cultivated for its bulbous rhizome. Morphology Leaves The plant has linear-lanceolate sheathing leaves that are dark green in color, 5-30 cm long and 8-20 mm wide. The leaves are arranged alternately on the stem, and the upper surface is smooth while the lower surface is slightly rough and covered with fine hairs. The ligule is light green. Stem The non-woody stem of Z. officinale is covered by leaf sheaths and has a digitately branched rhizome that grows underground. Flower The flowers of this plant are delicate and have a short lifespan. They are characterized by a white to pale yellow color and have purplish lips with yellow dots and striations. These flowers protrude just beyond the greenish to yellowish bracts that resemble leaves. Plant part used Root/ Rhizome Traditional uses Z. officinale has gained popularity in African traditional medicine due to its effects on the gastrointestinal system. The Zimbabwean people utilize the powdered rhizome of Z. officinale by steeping it in hot water and drinking it to alleviate abdominal pain. Z. officinale has potential as a carminative, diuretic, and antiemetic agent. Medicinal used It is believed that ginger has the ability to alleviate fever and nausea. In both pre-clinical and human clinical studies, ginger has demonstrated properties that could relieve pain, lower cholesterol, reduce inflammation, act as an antioxidant, and potentially lower blood sugar levels. List of Country Zingiber officinale is believed to have originated in South Asia and is thought to be native to India. It was introduced to Europe and East Africa by Arab traders. The plant is now distributed throughout tropical and subtropical Asia, as well as Far East Asia. Red List Category Data Deficient (DD)
https://globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/zingiber-officinale-roscoe-ginger/ https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/2/5/2573
Taxonomy Kingdom: Plantae Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Apiales Family: Araliaceae Genus: Hydrocotyle Species: Hydrocotyle vulgaris L. ______________________________ Common Name Marsh Pennywort
Characteristics It has a creeping growth habit and is a herbaceous ground cover. It can be cultivated in aquariums in full sun or high lighting and is appropriate for use as a foreground plant. ______________________________ Morphology Leaves Along the stem, the leaves are placed alternately. The orbicular-peltate leaf blade has a crenate edge and can become up to 6 cm broad. The thin, 5- to 20-cm-long leaf petioles have a pointed tip. Flower The blooms are carried on an up to 12 cm long, whorled inflorescence. White flowers cover them. Stems The stem is slender and has a creeping growth habit. ______________________________ Plant part used Leaves ______________________________ Traditional uses In addition to thriving in its native environment, the plant Hydrocotyle vulgaris may also be cultivated for decorative reasons in moist soils in full sun or light shade, inside or outdoors, however it can even survive complete shade. It may also be cultivated in aquariums or in the dirt by a pond, garden, or other water feature as an aquatic plant. Medicinal uses It is one of the most important herbs for healing wounds, skin conditions, brain and nerve rejuvenation (thus why it is commonly known as "Brain food" in India), and many other physical disorders. _____________________________ List of country native to Southeast Asian countries such as India, Sri Lanka, China, Indonesia, and Malaysia as well as South Africa and Madagascar _____________________________ Red List Category Least concern (LC)
https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/164201/42415437 https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/6/2/6266 https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:843768-1#synonyms https://antropocene.it/en/2023/02/17/hydrocotyle-vulgaris-2/ https://www.gbif.org/species/3034606
Taxanomy Phylum : Anthophyta Class : Monocotyledoneae Order : Liliales Family : Aloaceae Genus : Aloe Species : Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. Common Name Aloe, Barbados Aloe, Medicinal Aloe, Burn Plant, Lidah buaya, bunga raja raja
Characteristic It is a perennial shrub, 30-40 cm high. Morphology Leaves The plant's rosette arrangement consists of fleshy, triangular leaves measuring up to 0.9 meters in length. These light green leaves feature white spots, a smooth texture, and a spiny margin. Stem The stem is short. Flower Yellow, tubular flowers are arranged in a spike inflorescence. Plant part used Leaves Traditional uses Scientific research has confirmed the traditional use of Aloe in treating wounds. The clear gel found in the leaves is applied topically on minor cuts and burns to facilitate healing. Aloe is also traditionally used for relieving constipation. It should be noted that not all of the therapeutic benefits attributed to traditional medicinal uses of plants have been scientifically verified. Medicinal used Anti-diabetic and cholesterol-lowering properties of Aloe have been demonstrated in both animal and human clinical trials. Aloe has displayed pain-relieving, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties in animal pre-clinical trials. List of Country The origin of Aloe vera is unknown, presumed that it is originated Arabia, Somalia, Sudan or Oman, found in most of Africa, Southern Arabia, Madagascar, West Indies and Bahamas, Southern USA, Mexico, Central America, Arabia, other parts of Asia and Australia Red List Category Vulnerable(VU)
https://globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/aloe-vera-health-benefit/ https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/1/6/1643
Eryngium foetidum
Taxonomy Kingdom: Plantae Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Apiales Family: Apiaceae Genus: Eryngium Species: foetidum L. ______________________________ Common Name Ketumbar Jawa (Malay), Stinking Shareweed (English), Spirit weed, False Coriander, Spiny Coriander
Characteristics The genus name “Eryngium” is derived from “eryngion,” the Greek name of the sea holly (Eryngium maritimum). The species epithet “foetidum” is Latin for a bad smell. The leaves produce an odor that has been described like that of a squashed bedbug ______________________________ Morphology Leaves Leaves green, glabrous and oblanceolate (13 - 30 cm long, 3 - 4 cm wide). Leaves are arranged in a basal rosette. Leaf margin is serrulate (finely toothed). Flower Creamy white flowers are arranged in a reduced umbel inflorescence that is cylindrical with a dome-shaped top (1.2 cm long, 0.5 cm wide). Flowers continuously throughout the year in Southeast Asia. Fruits Fruits are egg-shaped schizocarps (1.5 mm long) that are covered by round bumps. ______________________________ Plant part used Leaves ______________________________ Traditional uses Food (Herb and Spice : The leaves are rich in calcium, iron, carotene and riboflavin. In Thailand, Vietnam, Laos and India, the leaves are used fresh as a culinary herb which has a similar, but stronger flavor than Coriander (Coriandrum sativum).The leaves are used to season meat and other foods in Caribbean, Latin American and Asian cuisines. It is often added to chutneys, a sauce containing fruits or vegetables that is eaten with other dishes. In Latin America, the leaves are often added to salsas, a spicy, tomato-based sauce that is eaten with tortilla chips.) Medicinal uses Tea prepared from the leaves is used to treat fever, flu, diarrhoea, constipation, and vomiting. It is also thought to promote menstrual bleeding. The roots are consumed raw as a treatment for scorpion stings. _____________________________ List of country Mexico, Central America, Caribbean Islands, South America, Malaysia, and perennial in Southeast Asia _____________________________ Red List Category Not Evaluated (NE)
https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/4/8/4850 https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/14584
Taxonomy Kingdom: Plantae Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Caryophyllales Family: Polygonaceae Genus: Persicaria Species: odorata (Lour.) Soják ______________________________ Common Name Kesom (Malay), Vietnamese Coriander (English)
Characteristics Persicaria odorata, commonly known as Vietnamese coriander or Vietnamese mint, is an herbaceous tender perennial of the knotweed family that typically grows to 6-18” tall. It is native to Southeast Asia. Leaves are used extensively in Vietnamese cooking to flavor soups, stews, and salads. Leaves have a coriander-like smell and a spicy, pungent, hot peppery flavor. Additional common names for this plant include rau ram, Laska leaf, Cambodian mint, daun kesom, phak phai and chi krasang tomhom. ______________________________ Morphology Leaves The lance-shaped to lanceolate-ovate (intermediate between lance- and egg-shaped) leaves are green with red markings. The margins and veins are lined with long hairs. Flower Campanulate white flowers (each to 1 1/4” long) bloom in late summer, but bloom infrequently occurs in cool climates. Stems eddish-green stems are clad with broad-ovate to triangular-ovate green leaves (2-4” long) which are spotted with chestnut-hued markings. ______________________________ Plant part used Leaves ______________________________ Traditional uses Food (Herb and Spice: In Singapore, the leaves are used to add flavor to the popular laksa dish (a spicy noodle soup in a coconut milk or sour asam base). This herb is especially popular in Vietnamese cuisine where it is added to salads, seafood, duck eggs, and turtle/ frog dishes. The flavor has been described as a blend of lemon and coriander with a radish aftertaste.) Medicinal uses The juice is taken internally to treat snake bites _____________________________ List of country Indochina (Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia) _____________________________ Red List Category Not Assessed Yet
https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/3/2/3207 https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=293779 https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/31851
Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.
Taxonomy Phylum : Tracheophyta Class : Liliopsida Order : Pandanales Family : Pandanaceae Genus : Pandanus Parkinson Species : Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. Common Name Pandan wangi, Fragrant pandan, fragrant screwpine
Characteristics P. amaryllifoliusis a shrub that grows in clumps in two forms: up to height of 1.6 m as small form and up to 4.5 m as large form Morphology Stem Stem is slender, about 2–5 cm thick. Leaves Leaves green to pale green, broad, linear, prominent twin lateral pleats above, the margins entire except at leaf apex with presence of few prickles with 1 mm long; adult leaves are about 80–110 cm long and 6–8 cm wide with rather abruptly rounded or acute tip. Flowers Male flowers are extremely rare, and there is no scientific description of a female flower for this species. Plant part used Leaves Traditional Uses Traditionally, the fresh leaves of P. amaryllifoliusare applied to hair and as a lotion to treat measles and anaemia. It is used as in a drought to treat gonorrhoea, syphilis and sapraemia and also used for bathing after childbirth. After soaking of the leaves of P. amaryllifoliusin coconut oil, the oil was used externally as a sedative for restlessness. P. amaryllifoliusis one of the essential elements in the cooking of South-east Asian cuisine. It is used as a colorant (green colour), fragrant imparter and an appetite stimulant. It is made used of in cooking of rice like nasi lemak, meats and sweets. The leaves of P. amaryllifolius are used in the treatment of chicken pox and small pox in the form of a lotion made from pounded leaves.The ashes of the leaves mixed in vinegar are applied on the rashes of measles In the treatment of gonorrhoea, syphilis and dengue a draught of the leaves are being given to the patient. Another way of using it for these conditions is to extract the juice by pounding a few leaves and squeezing out the juice. Rheumatic pains and body aches is treated by making an embrocating of the leaves in coconut oil. This medicated oil is massaged on to the effected region. Thai traditional practitioners used the roots of P. amaryllifolius to treat their diabetic patients. Medicinal used Properties including antimicrobial activity, antidiabetic activity, antioxidant activity and anticancer activity List of Country Pandanus amaryllifolius is native to Maluku. It has been introduced to Bangladesh, Cambodia, China South-Central, Lesser Sunda Is., Malaya, New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam. Red List Category This taxon has not yet been assessed.
https://globinmed.com/medicinal_herbs/pandanus-amaryllifolius-roxb-106007/ https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:670690-1
Capsicum frutescens
Taxonomy Kingdom: Plantae Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Solanales Family: Solanaceae Genus: Capsicum Species: frutescens L. Common Name Chilli Padi, Bird's Eye Chilli, Peri Peri, Tabasco
Characteristics It is a shrub and grows primarily in the seasonally dry tropical biome. Morphology Flower Greenish-white with blue or yellow anthers occur in groups of two or more at the nodes. The common features of frutescens cultivars are their greenish flowers and their steeply upwards direction pedicles; also the small and pointed fruits keep their upright position until maturity. Fruits The berries are red when mature, and tapered. Roots The plant is supported by a short to long taproot with many spreading lateral roots and fibrous roots Stems The stems of mature plants are woody but moderately soft and weak. Older branches are light gray. Plant part used Fruits Traditional uses Food (Fruit & Vegetable: The fruits are very popular and used in all kinds of dishes, soups, or salads. It may be used fresh or dried, ripe or unripe, cooked or raw.; Herb and Spice) The coatings and powders are used to break children of thumb sucking and nail-biting. Anciently, it was even used as an instrument of torture. Medicinal uses It is used as a salve to relieve muscle, joint, and toothache pain. List of country Bolivia, Brazil West-Central Red List Category Least Concern (LC)
https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:316959-2 https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/110057309/172968369 https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/15198 https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/5/2/5206
Neurothemis ramburii, also called Red Percher is a species of dragonfly that belongs to the family Libellulidae. Its hindwing may measure about 28-30 mm for male and has a strongly incurved margin which can be separated from Neurothemis terminata. While the female has dark wings marked as male. The Red Percher is commonly found in ponds, drains and marshes in open, disturbed habitats at an altitude up to 800 m above sea level. It is rare in Peninsular Malaysia and widespread in Sundaland, the Philippines and further to the north and east (Orr, 2005).
Macrodiplax cora (Cora’s Pennant) is species of skimmer dragonfly from the family Libellulidae. It is also known as Coastal Glider and Wandering Pennant. Its hindwings may measure up to 33 mm in length. Macrodiplax cora can be recognized by its large head, rather pointed wings with pale, open venation, and relatively short orange abdomen with broken mid-dorsal dark line. The female is similar to the male but paler. This species can be found in open coastal areas, particularly behind the mangroves. Widespread in tropical Asia and Australasia (Orr, 2005).
Orthetrum luzonicum (Marsh Skimmer) is a species of dragonfly in the family Libellulidae. Its hindwing may measure up to 32 mm with clear base. The length of its abdomen to anal appendage can reach about 29-30 mm long. Generally, Marsh skimmer has a smaller size than O. glaucum. The abdomen is narrow and has a similar ratio length from the hindwing to the abdomen. The mature specimens are completely blue in appearance. This dragonfly is commonly found on marshes and ponds at the altitude up to 100-2,000 m above sea level. Breed in running water and is widespread in tropical Asia (Orr, 2005).
Rhyothemis phyllis (Yellow-barred Flutterer)
Rhyothemis phyllis, commonly known as Yellow-barred Flutterer is a dragonfly species in the family Libellulidae. Its hindwing may measure up to 37 mm (Orr, 2005). This dragonfly has very distinctive wing markings and one of the most frequently observed in the region. Both sexes are very similar. The eyes are reddish-brown on top and light brown below while the thorax and abdomen are dark, slightly metallic, and almost black. The base of hindwing has a distinctive barred pattern of yellow, dark brown and deep metallic blue (Tang et al., 2010). The Yellow-striped Flutterer normally breeds in marshy ponds, lakes and drains, including slightly brackish water. Both sexes, especially juveniles will forage on hill tops and in open secondary forests or kerangas. This species is widespread throughout tropical Asia and Australia with several geographical races (Orr, 2005).
Rhyothemis obsolescens (Bronze Flutterer)
Rhyothemis obsolescens (Bronze Flutterer) is a dragonfly species in the family Libellulidae. Its hindwing may measure up to 21.5-23 mm in male. Both males and females have similar characteristics. This species can easily be recognized by its bronze wings with a slight magenta reflex and variegated light and dark markings. Its abdomen is more than twice of hindwing breadth. The Bronze Flutterer likes to perch in sun with depressed wings. It can be found in open, well vegetated, lowland marshes and swamp forest edges. It is widespread in Sundaland (except Java) and Thailand to India (Orr, 2005).